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letters and calls, and do practical things for the masses combine good, effective through reaching people at the service of the \hird, foster the development of new energy, new General Secretary XI Jinping stressed development of innovation forest restructuring, revitalization of the old industrial bases in Northeast China is the State's major strategy, Central has issued comprehensive opinions of revitalizing Northeast China and other old industrial bases, the CPC Central Committee on revitalization in Northeast China were ... Vigorous determination does not waver, the work does not slacken off. Be firm with in the development has more to do with hard, and not muddle along, passive inaction. To rely on their own efforts, can't wait, can't wait, stand still. This not only provides new opportunities for development in our region, and gave us new requirements. We must seize the opportunity, full use of national policy, has to be more complicated, to start and target, give full play to theinitiative of leading cadres at all levels, active, active, focusing on building new momentum for development, accelerating transformation of forest development. To implement the new development philosophy. Philosophy is the action guide, new ideas and new developments. Carrying out innovation, coordination and development of green, open, shared ideas, must be measurable, direct action with new development concepts, training cadres. In a new development concept as a yardstick. Established in line with the new concept of evaluation system and evaluation criterion, embodies the new development policy, organization, mandate implementation, always measured by the new development philosophy, continuous correction of forest transition course. In a new development concept for the path command. As part of the implementation of the new development philosophy followed and action guidelines, firmly adjusted, corrected and reject unsuitable, inappropriate and even againstthe new development ideas, behaviors and practices, more pragmatic approach based on a broad vision, and creatively carry out ecological construction, industrial development, improving people's livelihood, such as the work to ensure that new development ideas take root in forest areas. In a new development concept for weapon training cadre. Education leaders \he new, nothing\es, enhancing vitality and power. Combined development \nd implementation \engineering\nd create \nvironment\hening on new development, and new economy concept of learning, and grasp and using, real put thought and action unified to new development concept up, at with new development concept armed himself, and guide practice, effective do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. Second, we must rely on Science and technology affects. Tchnical innovation is the promotion of economic transformation and upgrading, quality and efficiency \er\西方社会学理论 导言

一、学习《西方社会学理论》的目的

通过学习社会学发展史上各个思想名家的研究方法和社会理论，在自觉模仿和实践的基础上，形成自己看待社会现象和社会问题的思维方式和理论视角。 二、社会学发展史

（一）古典社会学理论（classical sociological theory）：大约从19世纪30年代到20世纪20年代，是社会学的诞生和形成时期，主要特征是：

1．社会学发展的重心在西欧，但20世纪初已经开始转向美国：孔德（Comte，法国人）；斯宾塞（Spencer，英国人）；滕尼斯（Tonneis，德国人）；涂尔干（Durkheim，法国人）；韦伯（Webber，德国人）；马克思（Marx，德国人）、帕累托（Pareto，意大利人）；齐美尔（Simmel，德国人）；曼海姆（Mannheim，匈牙利人）。社会学发展重心由西欧转向美国时期的代表人物有：凡勃伦

（Veblen），库利（Cooley），帕克（Park），米德（Mead），托马斯（Thomas）. 2．使社会学从其他学科中独立出来，尤其是从哲学中独立出来，确立了独特的学科地位，主要表现为有了自己的独特的研究对象和研究方法。

社会学产生的标志也有两种意见。一种以社会研究方法的转向为标志，比如Garner就认为社会学起源于马基雅维利（Machiavelli）的《君主论》（the Prince），until the renaissance, most books upheld general notions of normative behavior, were non-empirical, and did not observe, describe and analyze the actual human behavior. Machiavelli included into his book all the violent, fierce, savage, coercive, and even compassionate acts that the ruler implement in order to stay in power. The prince is based on reality-the observations of real people, not just moral ideals. 另外一种意见便是以“社会学”一词的提出为标志，那就是法国社会学家August Comte1838年，在他出版的阐述社会哲学原理的《实证哲学教程》的第四卷中，第一次提出了“社会学”这个新名词。虽然我们本课程的讲解从孔德开始，但是要是想理解社会学思想家的思想源流，还是要追溯得更久远一些。

3．此一时期的社会学思想形成了社会学学科的基本概念和核心论题，对以后的社会学发展产生了深远的影响。

（二）现代社会学理论（modern sociological theory），大约从20世纪20年代到70年代末，这是社会学的发展时期，其主要特征有：

1．社会学的发展重心转移到了美国。社会学的基本假设是human behavior is shaped by society and social environment；那么人的思想也是植根于社会条件中的。 2．围绕帕森斯的结构功能主义展开，首先是帕森斯综合西欧的古典社会学理论，适应当时美国社会的需要建立了宏大的结构功能主义体系，形成了“一统天下”的局面，其后随着社会的不断发展，人们开始对结构功能主义进行批判，形成了社会学理论在美国的“群雄并起”的局面，因此很多学者就把这一时期称为“帕森斯”和“反帕森斯”阶段。

3．在古典社会学理论传统的基础上，各个理论家从不同的理论立场出发，发展完备了各个理论传统，形成了结构功能理论、社会冲突理论、符号互动理论、社会批判理论等几大理论体系。我们在讲解这一部分的时候，和上一部分的讲法有些区别，这一部分主要是按照不同的理论体系进行讲解。

ivelihood, is related to people's well-being and social harmony and stability. We need to protect and improve the livelihood of the people as the starting point and ending point of transition and improve forest people's feeling and happiness. To promote poverty relief and development work. Implementing poverty alleviation crucial project is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee, is also determined by the provincial \nking and action to the requirements of the Central, provincial, resolutely win the poverty battle. The previous phase I to 18 stations, Tahe, Pine Ridge research, visited many of the poor, go, the heavier, more pressure. For poverty relief and development work, we must pay attention to it, always in mind, grasping hands, should not be blindly optimistic, there can be no slack. Poverty alleviation and development lies in precise, accurate. Present, in order to find out the real base of poor people as soon as possible, come up with feasible poverty standards, state card, built on the basis of document management. To firmly establish the \poverty reduction\he intensity of resource integration, and related funding, with limited funds wisely. By using a combination of employment, entrepreneurship for poverty eradication poverty eradication, education, poverty alleviation, medical aid of poverty means, due to effects of policies, those policies, ensure the completion of mission objectives for poverty eradication for the year. To actively promote the construction of new towns. In February this year, promulgated by the State Council on further promoting urbanization construction of new opinions, proposed to adhere to the people-centered, four modernizations synchronization, optimization, ecology civilization and cultural heritage of new urbanization path with Chinese characteristics. According to district-wide construction of civilized city and the beautiful countryside, further strengthening of urban transport, water supply and drainage and sewage, waste disposal ground, underground, such as infrastructure construction, strive to create a safer and more livable environment. To actively seize the full stop and opportunities for poverty alleviation and development, further efforts to increase forest villages merge, population to the County (district) Council sites and centres concentrated in villages and towns. Combined development of urban construction and tourism industries, careful planning and construction of a number of suitable for residential and farm tour towns and villages, forming one village one product, a feature pattern. Closer to the masses. Since last year, our in-depth implementation of the leading cadres of grassroots masses at work, solve the problems of a large number of people, get the masses give wholehearted support to and praise, this work will carry on, absolutely cannot or movement. Grassroots masses and cadres in combination with poverty reduction, combined with the steady work ofletters and calls, and do practical things for the masses combine good, effective through reaching people at the service of the \hird, foster the development of new energy, new General Secretary XI Jinping stressed development of innovation forest restructuring, revitalization of the old industrial bases in Northeast China is the State's major strategy, Central has issued comprehensive opinions of revitalizing Northeast China and other old industrial bases, the CPC Central Committee on revitalization in Northeast China were ... Vigorous determination does not waver, the work does not slacken off. Be firm with in the development has more to do with hard, and not muddle along, passive inaction. To rely on their own efforts, can't wait, can't wait, stand still. This not only provides new opportunities for development in our region, and gave us new requirements. We must seize the opportunity, full use of national policy, has to be more complicated, to start and target, give full play to theinitiative of leading cadres at all levels, active, active, focusing on building new momentum for development, accelerating transformation of forest development. To implement the new development philosophy. Philosophy is the action guide, new ideas and new developments. Carrying out innovation, coordination and development of green, open, shared ideas, must be measurable, direct action with new development concepts, training cadres. In a new development concept as a yardstick. Established in line with the new concept of evaluation system and evaluation criterion, embodies the new development policy, organization, mandate implementation, always measured by the new development philosophy, continuous correction of forest transition course. In a new development concept for the path command. As part of the implementation of the new development philosophy followed and action guidelines, firmly adjusted, corrected and reject unsuitable, inappropriate and even againstthe new development ideas, behaviors and practices, more pragmatic approach based on a broad vision, and creatively carry out ecological construction, industrial development, improving people's livelihood, such as the work to ensure that new development ideas take root in forest areas. In a new development concept for weapon training cadre. Education leaders \he new, nothing\es, enhancing vitality and power. Combined development \nd implementation \engineering\nd create \nvironment\hening on new development, and new economy concept of learning, and grasp and using, real put thought and action unified to new development concept up, at with new development concept armed himself, and guide practice, effective do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. Second, we must rely on Science and technology affects. Tchnical innovation is the promotion of economic transformation and upgrading, quality and efficiency \er\（三）当代社会学理论（contemporary sociological theory），指80年代以来各个理论家对社会学理论传统进行修正、综合的发展阶段。其主要特征有： 1．社会学理论在全球范围内遍地开花，仅过现代化和全球化的过程，世界各国慢慢地纳入了统一的世界体系，各个国家也接受了西方的各种社会学说，他们都遵循社会学传统开始了丰富多彩的社会学研究。所不同的是，西方发达国家的社会学理论建立在对理论的继承、批判和发展基础上；而不发达国家更多地立足于本国实际，进行了社会学理论的“本土化”实践，更多地是针对本多的社会问题进行的应用研究。

2．突破了“帕森斯”和“反帕森斯”的对立思维，开始了理论的综合，出现了以吉登斯（Giddens）、哈贝马斯（Habermas）、布尔迪尔（Bourdieu）、科林斯（Collins）、卢曼（Lumann）、亚历山大（Alexander）、科尔曼（Coleman）为代表的综合理论价，由于吉登斯的综合性社会学理论的巨大影响，有人又把这一阶段成为“吉登斯时代”。

二、《西方社会学理论》课程的主要内容 ——西方社会学理论史的几种写作方式

（一）思想史，即对各类思想进行归类，按照各类分别讲解，如乔纳森?特纳，《社会学理论的结构》，华夏出版社，2000年；

（二）概念史，即根据社会学的核心概念，对社会学理论进行梳理，如马尔科姆?沃特斯，《现代社会学理论》，华夏出版社，2000年；

（三）人物史，即根据社会学家的前后顺序分别讲解；如刘易斯?A.科塞，《社会学思想名家》，中国社会科学出版社，1990年；Tim Delaney, Classical

Social Theory: Investigation and Application, Pearson Education Inc., 2004。

当然国内外在讲解的过程当中，对于西方社会学理论的基础讲解大都采取更为综合的方式，以人物思想是为基础，从中穿插一些思想史和观念史的内容，而到了研究阶段，则采取比较的方式着重对思想史和概念史的梳理。George Ritzer, Sociological theory, McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1992。

三、课程的讲解结构和方法

（一）古典社会学理论，按照人物讲解，这里蕴含着丰富的资源，后来的社会学理论都是在这些理论的基础上发展起来的，而且他们的社会学理论各有特点，也不能放在一起讨论。现代社会学理论则按照流派史来讲解，即把各个理论家分为结构功能理论、社会冲突理论、符号互动理论和社会批判理论等四大流流派来讲解。

（二）完整的一个思想家的理论应该包括以下四个方面的内容： 1．思想渊源和社会背景 2．社会学方法论， 3．社会学理论， 4．社会改革方案， （三）社会学课程的设想

1．大一的《社会学概论》，在知识介绍方面，主要是介绍一些社会学领域的基本概念，比如说社会、社会互动、社会关系、社会群体、家庭、社会组织、社会

ivelihood, is related to people's well-being and social harmony and stability. We need to protect and improve the livelihood of the people as the starting point and ending point of transition and improve forest people's feeling and happiness. To promote poverty relief and development work. Implementing poverty alleviation crucial project is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee, is also determined by the provincial \nking and action to the requirements of the Central, provincial, resolutely win the poverty battle. The previous phase I to 18 stations, Tahe, Pine Ridge research, visited many of the poor, go, the heavier, more pressure. For poverty relief and development work, we must pay attention to it, always in mind, grasping hands, should not be blindly optimistic, there can be no slack. Poverty alleviation and development lies in precise, accurate. Present, in order to find out the real base of poor people as soon as possible, come up with feasible poverty standards, state card, built on the basis of document management. To firmly establish the \poverty reduction\he intensity of resource integration, and related funding, with limited funds wisely. By using a combination of employment, ntrepreneurship for poverty eradication poverty eradication, education, poverty alleviation, medical aid of poverty means, due to effects of policies, those policies, ensure the completion of mission objectives for poverty eradication for the year. To actively promote the construction of new towns. In February this year, promulgated by the State Council on further promoting urbanization construction of new opinions, proposed to adhere to the people-centered, four modernizations synchronization, optimization, ecology civilization and cultural heritage of new urbanization path with Chinese characteristics. According to district-wide construction of civilized city and the beautiful countryside, further strengthening of urban transport, water supply and drainage and sewage, waste disposal ground, underground, such as infrastructure construction, strive to create a safer and more livable environment. To actively seize the full stop and opportunities for poverty alleviation and development, further efforts to increase forest villages merge, population to the County (district) Council sites and centres concentrated in villages and towns. Combined development of urban construction and tourism industries, careful planning and construction of a number of suitable for residential and farm tour towns and villages, forming one village one product, a feature pattern. Closer to the masses. Since last year, our in-depth implementation of the leading cadres of grassroots masses at work, solve the problems of a large number of people, get the masses give wholehearted support to and praise, this work will carry on, absolutely cannot or movement. Grassroots masses and cadres in combination with poverty reduction, combined with the steady work ofletters and calls, and do practical things for the masses combine good, effective through reaching people at the service of the \hird, foster the development of new energy, new General Secretary XI Jinping stressed development of innovation forest restructuring, revitalization of the old industrial bases in Northeast China is the State's major strategy, Central has issued comprehensive opinions of revitalizing Northeast China and other old industrial bases, the CPC Central Committee on revitalization in Northeast China were ... Vigorous determination does not waver, the work does not slacken off. Be firm with in the development has more to do with hard, and not muddle along, passive inaction. To rely on their own efforts, can't wait, can't wait, stand still. This not only provides new opportunities for development in our region, and gave us new requirements. We must seize the opportunity, full use of national policy, has to be more complicated, to start and target, give full play to theinitiative of leading cadres at all levels, active, active, focusing on building new momentum for development, accelerating transformation of forest development. To implement the new development philosophy. Philosophy is the action guide, new ideas and new developments. Carrying out innovation, coordination and development of green, open, shared ideas, must be measurable, direct action with new development concepts, training cadres. In a new development concept as a yardstick. Established in line with the new concept of evaluation system and evaluation criterion, embodies the new development policy, organization, mandate implementation, always measured by the new development philosophy, continuous correction of forest transition course. In a new development concept for the path command. As part of the implementation of the new development philosophy followed and action guidelines, firmly adjusted, corrected and reject unsuitable, inappropriate and even againstthe new development ideas, behaviors and practices, more pragmatic approach based on a broad vision, and creatively carry out ecological construction, industrial development, improving people's livelihood, such as the work to ensure that new development ideas take root in forest areas. In a new development concept for weapon training cadre. Education leaders \he new, nothing\es, enhancing vitality and power. Combined development \nd implementation \engineering\nd create \nvironment\hening on new development, and new economy concept of learning, and grasp and using, real put thought and action unified to new development concept up, at with new development concept armed himself, and guide practice, effective do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. Second, we must rely on Science and technology affects. Tchnical innovation is the promotion of economic transformation and upgrading, quality and efficiency \er\制度、社会控制、社会变迁等等；在能力培养方面，主要是让同学运用这些基本概念和基础理论来描述和解释一些社会现象，并学会做名词解释、简答、论述一类的题目。

2．大二的《西方社会学理论》，在知识介绍方面，主要是全面地介绍各个思想家或思想流派的社会学理论，梳理社会学理论的主要理论视角和发展脉络；在能力培养方面，主要是让同学们学会做文献综述，并运用理论分析当前的社会问题，在此基础上形成自己看待社会问题的理论框架。所以，这学期大家的作业便是在学习的过程当中，选择自己感兴趣的一个概念或一个问题，写一篇文献综述。 3．大三的《城市社会学》，在知识介绍方面，主要介绍把社会学的基本理 论应用到城市问题研究中所产生的各种理论；能力培养方面，主要是在学会运用概念和做文献综述的基础上，能够具体地写出一篇专业论文来。上学期，我也曾经尝试这么做，而且大家也做得非常好，只是各种原因未曾实施。 4．写文献综述的步骤：

（1）选择自己感兴趣的主题，注意主题要鲜明； （2）收集资料，注意资料的完备性，多多益善；

（3）系统地分析这些资料，主要是分类整理，然后找出各个类型的社会学理论的特点、优点、缺点及其使用范围；

（3）综合各种观点，提出自己的一个综合的理论框架；

（4）在实践中不断地应用这些框架，并修正、补充自己的理论框架。

第一章 孔德的社会学理论

第一节 生平和著述 一、 生平（life）

孔德（1798——1857），法国社会学家。他的父亲是一个政府官员，也是一个热心的天主教徒和保皇分子，极力鄙视革命。像所有人一样，孔德在青年时代是激情而狂热的，他放弃了家庭的保守信念，树立了自由、共和的信念。

1817年，孔德认识了圣西门（60岁），并作为他的秘书和朋友工作了七年之久。在合作的这段时间里，他受到了圣西门的巨大影响。正是在圣西门的影响下，他开始由自由共和思想转向精英主义，而且把社会作为独特的研究对象来看待，并主张采用自然科学的方法来研究社会现象。因名义之争和政见不合，1824年孔德与他的导师分道扬镳，开始了孤独的研究生涯。由于自己的成就，他又和密尔等人成了朋友。

孔德晚年沉迷于“人道教”（the Religion of Humanity）的建立，他再次陷入学术的孤独之中，但是他却开始和许多政界要人联系，来推销自己的人道教思想。 二、 著述（works）

1830至1842年，《实证哲学教程》； 1844，《论实证哲学的精神》；

1851至1854年，《实证政治体系》； 1848，《实证哲学概观》；等等

三、 社会背景（social context）

1．孔德生活的法国处于社会和政治秩序紊乱的年代。The belated coming of industrial revolution导致了法国社会的急速变迁，整个社会结构出现了迅速分化，不同的社会阶层为了取得政治地位，也促使一浪高过一浪的政治运动。孔德一生便经历了七种政治体制和无数次的群众运动。

ivelihood, is related to people's well-being and social harmony and stability. We need to protect and improve the livelihood of the people as the starting point and ending point of transition and improve forest people's feeling and happiness. To promote poverty relief and development work. Implementing poverty alleviation crucial project is a major strategic decision made by the CPC Central Committee, is also determined by the provincial \nking and action to the requirements of the Central, provincial, resolutely win the poverty battle. The previous phase I to 18 stations, Tahe, Pine Ridge research, visited many of the poor, go, the heavier, more pressure. For poverty relief and development work, we must pay attention to it, always in mind, grasping hands, should not be blindly optimistic, there can be no slack. Poverty alleviation and development lies in precise, accurate. Present, in order to find out the real base of poor people as soon as possible, come up with feasible poverty standards, state card, built on the basis of document management. To firmly establish the \poverty reduction\he intensity of resource integration, and related funding, with limited funds wisely. By using a combination of employment, entrepreneurship for poverty eradication poverty eradication, education, poverty alleviation, medical aid of poverty means, due to effects of policies, those policies, ensure the completion of mission objectives for poverty eradication for the year. To actively promote the construction of new towns. In February this year, promulgated by the State Council on further promoting urbanization construction of new opinions, proposed to adhere to the people-centered, four modernizations synchronization, optimization, ecology civilization and cultural heritage of new urbanization path with Chinese characteristics. According to district-wide construction of civilized city and the beautiful countryside, further strengthening of urban transport, water supply and drainage and sewage, waste disposal ground, underground, such as infrastructure construction, strive to create a safer and more livable environment. To actively seize the full stop and opportunities for poverty alleviation and development, further efforts to increase forest villages merge, population to the County (district) Council sites and centres concentrated in villages and towns. Combined development of urban construction and tourism industries, careful planning and construction of a number of suitable for residential and farm tour towns and villages, forming one village one product, a feature pattern. Closer to the masses. Since last year, our in-depth implementation of the leading cadres of grassroots masses at work, solve the problems of a large number of people, get the masses give wholehearted support to and praise, this work will carry on, absolutely cannot or movement. Grassroots masses and cadres in combination with poverty reduction, combined with the steady work of