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READING COMPREHENSION Understanding the text 2

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C Language focus： Words in use

1.prohibited 2.submit 3.remedied 4.imposed 5.feature 6.crisis 7. artificial 8.principal 9.issued 10.isolated Expressions in use 5

1.suffering from 2.in accordance with 3.shrugged off 4.be entitled to 5. care about 6.tore at 7.access to 8. out of the question Sentence structure 6

1. Follow your doctor’s advice or your cough will get worse. 2. Stand over there and you’ll be able to see it better. 3. Watch your step if you go out or you might fall. 7

1. There is nothing more important than being honest with everyone at school and at work. 2. There is nothing more than helpful than using the Internet to improve my English skills.

3. There is nothing more than encouraging and stimulating than communicating successfully with your colleagues. Collocation： Warm-up

1. seemingly free 2. barely enough 3. easily accessible 4.absolutely needed 5.financially bankrupt 6.completely charmed 7.truly autonomous 8.staggeringly expensive 9.emotionally crippled 8

1. financial distress 2.financial trouble 3.financially bankrupt 4.seemingly free 5.suspend desires 6.easily accessible 7.emotionally crippled

8.artificial sense 9.truly autonomous 10.completely charmed 11.staggeringly expensive 12.buying decisions

Unit6 Section A

1

1B 2C 3A 4E 5D 2

1 An irrational behavior can be described as an action or opinion not based on adequate use of logic and reason:

Be willing to pay much more for a cup of Starbucks coffee when there's cheaper, equally good coffee across the street.

Once a price is established in their minds, they will compare other similar items to this price, not only for the current but also for the future.

Buy products they don't need just because they get something for free in the transaction. Do something just because some other people are doing the same thing.

2 Ignorance - People can be totally unaware about a situation, yet form their own views and judgments. They often tend to jump to conclusions based on rumors.

Emotions - People take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs. They become anxious and harbor unrealistic expectations.

Stress - It is the main reason that causes physical as well as mental problems. Stress creates feeling of anger, irritation and frustration.

Blind beliefs - People live entirely on the lines that are drawn by others and do not have their own point of view. They are too conscious about society and its reactions to them.

3 Yes, I'm often irrational because of different kinds of stress, uncertainty about my future, and sensitivity to how people look at me.

No, I don't think I'm irrational because I always use my logic and common sense to judge things and react to what has happened to me.

Scripts:

As the most intelligent animal on this earth, we are supposed to behave in a rational way, i.e., act according to logic and reason required in a situation. But does that really happen? Do we always behave rationally? Certainly not. There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others. Irrational behavior is part of human nature, but as MIT Professor Ariely has discovered, people tend to behave irrationally in a predictable fashion. Though we cannot explain the exact cause behind irrational behavior, we know that it is a manner of behavior not based on logic and

reasoning. I would like to give you an example of irrational behavior. If a person has heard about someone suffering from some disease, he will start thinking that he may suffer from the same disease. This is irrational and illogical behavior. I don't think this behavior is always intentional.

Reading comprehension Understanding the text 1

1 He was imposing on his troops a necessary sacrifice to achieve victory over their opponents. By doing this, the soldiers would be more determined and concentrated on the battles.

2 The purpose for the experiment is to investigate seemingly irrational human behavior when making a decision, such as the tendency for keeping multiple options open.

3 The experiment enabled people to see why it's always so hard for them to say \them. In everyday life, people just give excuses to keep options open.

4 Students should quickly check all the doors and keep clicking on the one with the highest cash. They should absolutely ignore the vanishing doors.

5 Because we can see that the students didn't really focus on ensuring future cash earnings. What they tried to avoid was the immediate pain of watching options close.

6 Because in life the doors are closing slowly, not like the ones on the computer in the experiment, people don't really see the opportunities actually vanishing away little by little.

7 He suggests that people should prohibit overbooking, reduce options, delegate tasks to others, and even give away ideas to others to pursue.

8 People can obtain pleasure and satisfaction by focusing their energy and attention in a more concentrated fashion. They will have more with fewer, carefully chosen options. Critical thinking 2

1 ~ Surprising but very strategic and visionary.

~ Reflection of his unique foresight and wisdom. ~ Knowledgeable about winning battles. ~ Experienced in fighting with enemies. 2 ~ Interesting and thought-provoking. ~ Reflect students' mentality. ~ Meaningful and valid.

~ May not be convincing to some people. 3 ~ Both consequences are surprising.

~ Both are about choices and decision-making. ~ Both have to do with strategies. ~ Both focus on human's mentality. 4 ~ Afraid of losing potential opportunities. ~ Too greedy and too ambitious.

~ Over-confident about their real capacity. ~ More choices, better chances.

5 ~ Fewer options, more focused concentration. ~ Fewer choices, better quality. ~ Everything has two sides.

~ Too much greed ends up with nothing. Language focus 3

1 implement 2 rival 3 motivating 4 discarded 5 fluctuating 6 prejudiced 7 restore 8 enlightening 9 profit 10 investigate Word building 4

Words learned New words formed -ic

strategic sympathetic confirmation location reflection provision installation registration quote sympathize criticize industrialize 5

1 sympathize 2 confirmation 3 strategic 4 installation 5 quote 6 sympathetic 7 criticize 8 location 9 reflection 10 industrialize 11 provision 12 registration Banked cloze 6

1 M 2 D 3 H 4 0 5 F 6 L 7 I 8 C 9 J 10 A Expressions in use 7

I was attached to 2 be measured in 3 come in handy 4 clinging to

5 pay a big price 6 are exhausted from 7 imposed on 8 revolve around Structure analysis and writing Structured writing 8

There are a lot of people who behave irrationally, causing problems to themselves as well as to others. It's hard to analyze the exact causes behind irrational behavior, but we know that it is a manner of behavior that is not based on logic and reasoning. Irrational behavior is caused by various factors but two stand out.

The first main factor that contributes to irrational behavior is uncontrolled emotions. Irrational people take offense or get angry before the actual situation occurs. They become anxious and express exaggerated emotions such as crying and shouting. They have unrealistic expectations, expecting everyone to like them and if someone does not, they feel angry and neglected. It is fairly common for people to show such signs of irrationality.

Too much stress can also lead to irrational behavior. In fact, these days, stress is the major cause of physical as well as mental problems. Stress creates feelings of anger, irritation and frustration. For instance, when you spend a stressful day in the office, it makes you anxious. You start releasing your frustration or stress by screaming at your family members for small reasons like a badly prepared meal. That day you feel everything is wrong.

In summary, uncontrolled emotions and too much stress can result in irrational behavior. To behave rationally is not an easy job because the behavior is internalized. However, to discover the source of your irrationality will help you behave more rationally. Translation 9

极简主义是指去掉多余的，仅保留需要的部分、用最简单的话来说，极简的生活方式，就是生活得越简单越好,直到获得心灵的平静，这种简单既是精神上的，也是身体上的：这样的生活方式会减轻压力，带来更多自由时间．并增强幸福感、极简主义者会说．他们生活得更有意义了，更从容了，极简的生活方式让他们着眼于生活中更重要的事物：朋友、爱好、旅游和体验。当然，极简主义并不意味着拥有物质财富从本质上来讲有什么不对。现在的问题似乎在于，我们往往太重视所拥有的东西，而常常抛弃了健康、人与人之间的关系、我们的热情、个人成长，以及帮助他人的愿望。极简主义除了在我们的口常生活中可以得到应用，还存在于很多创意领域，包括艺术、建筑、没汁、舞蹈、电影、戏剧、音乐、时尚、摄影和文学等。 10

National Happiness Index (NHI) is an index that measures how happy people are. It is also a tool that measures the levels of economic development and people's livelihood and happiness in a country or region. With the fast growth of Chinese economy, the Chinese government has been paying more and more attention to people's living quality and the increase of happiness index. The government stresses improvement of its people's livelihood, striving to improve their economic conditions and meet their growing material and cultural needs. Currently, the Chinese government advocates the unleashing of more reform dividends, with the aim of offering more real benefits to its people. All these measures will combine to effectively increase the NHI of our people.

Unit 6 Text B

Understanding the text 2

1.C 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.D 6.B 7.A 8.D Critical thinking 3

1. Like to look good in other’s eyes. Tend to have spending habit Make them feel happy. Want to be in fashion 2. Frustrated. Bored Confused Stunned

3. Don’t know which option they want most. Seem to them there is never the best option. Want everything lest they miss a “perfect” one. 4. Human beings are greedy by nature.

Many believe “The more, the better”. Most people are too materialistic. 5. Not really a good thing.

Make people greedier and more materialistic. Make people exhausted to make decisions. Discourage appreciation. Words in use 4

1. concerning 2.specified 3.controversy 4.rendered 5.enforced 6. distribute 7.highlighted 8.implication 9.penetrating 10.subtract Expressions in use 5

1. played a role 2.turned out 3.are depressed about 4. settle for 5. rushed into 6. out of control 7.transferred to 8.rely on Sentence structure 6

1. The more carefully he thought about it, the clearer it became to him that this was a job for someone with experience. 2. The more exercise you do, the more energetic you will become, the easier your everyday tasks will seem. 3. The more interesting the plot is, the more appealing the film will become to the audience. Sentence structure 7

1. He is normally a quiet person, but when it comes to sports, he becomes a completely different man.

2. When it comes to computers and the Internet, all the students become excited, each eager to say something about his experience.

3. A Frenchman may be ready to start a chat with a stranger on a train or in a café, but when it comes to friendship, the French seem to be more cautious than the British. Collocation 8

1. conscious effort 2.winning strategy 3.limited choice 4. remotest idea 5.temporary pain 6.primary role Collocation 9

1. rival options 2.painful choices 3.carefully chosen 4.multiple options

4. winning strategy 6.predictably irrational 7.temporary pain 8.complex decision

9. limited choices 10.conscious effort 11.naturally prejudiced 12.accumulating evidence

Unit 7 Text B

Reading skills: 1 1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A Understanding the text 2

1.D 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.D 6.A 7.B 8.C Critical thinking 3

1. *Similarities: family-oriented, busy with house chores, cook meals, take care of children, clean rooms, do laundry 2. *Help and support the husband *education and behave children morally *Maintain the order of home. *Keep the family healthy

3. *the husband: The man is supposed to have more responsibilities for his family since he physically stronger than his wife.

*The wife: the woman, to some degree, is more persevered in overcoming difficulties and she is always family-oriented. *Both: Even though they share different family responsibilities, they both play important and indispensable poles as parents, husband or wife. Two incomes are always better than just one.

4. *Advantages: able to take good care of family, including their diet and health; more communication with family; help children with their schoolwork.

*Disadvantages: a lot of stress, exhausted, less aware of the outside world, lose social contact.

5. *Work outside: have many contacts, communication with more people, be informed of the outside world, be of more help financially.

*Stay home: take better care of family, pay more attention to children, provide healthier food to family, keep the rooms clean, help the husband / wife. Words in use 4

1. bounced 2. tolerate 3.supplement 4.condemn 5.overflowed 6. swear 7.resemble 8.compounded 9.disgusting 10.trim Expressions in use 5

1. convert to 2. was revolted by 3. was comprised of 4. busied himself with 5. fussed over 6. is unique in 7. exerting themselves 8. substituted for Sentence structure 6

1. Having no idea about their thoughts and opinion, I would rather five up the attempt to guess what their reaction will be.

2. To avoid making mistakes, I would rather be home alone and not communicate with anybody.

3. The old man would rather be living in the past, for things are much more different today than they were in the past. Sentence structure 7

1. I couldn’t stand bad manners and thought my leaving was anything but rude, so I got the nest train back home and left him there.

2. They usually look very nice and even generous, but in terms of integrity, they are anything but honest.

3. When the two young people got married, may people attended the wedding ceremony, yet it was anything but modern. Warm-up

1. strong urge 2. Particularly difficult 3. Demanding job 4. make concessions 5. Social context 6. Management style 8.

1. plausible 2. context 3.management 4.pleasantly 5. great 6. Strong

7 subtle 8 conflicting 9 personal 10 typically 11 diplomatically 12 vaguely

Unit 8 Section A

understanding the text:

1. He became a children’s doctor because of this love for children and his strong desire to keep them healthy.

2. He is thought of having no moral compass: He tortures innocent animals for his career advancement and his experiments having nothing to do with medicine.

3. The public barely watches, convinced that the issue has no significance to them, while the senator and politicians continue to give way to the lobbying of animal rights activists

4. The author does not really admit their mistake, but the tone is apparently ironic, criticizing that the physicians were too soft to respond to the animal rights activists.

5. Life is cruel to both animals and human beings . if the physician don’t create an animal model of the problem, they have to do experiments on human beings, or the medical knowledge will remain static.

6. Drugs to cure infection will remain undiscovered, surgical and diagnostic techniques will remain undeveloped, and fundamental biological processes will remain mysteries.

7. Because protection from serious sickness and drugs as well as most complex surgical procedures were initially developed in animals instead of human beings

8. If the more radical members of this movement are successful in threatening further research, their efforts will bring about a tragedy that will cost the lives of many human beings. Language focus： word in use 3.

1. arresting 2. omits 3. optional 4. transplanted 5. hence 6. twisted 7. stung 8. minute 9. imitate 10. evil 4.

Words learned New words formed

interference thriller scarce specific

consumption deception invasion procession 5.

1. interference 2. invasion 3. Consumption 4. procession 5. specific 6. Deception 7. scarce 8. thrillers 6.

1.B 2. G 3. L 4. K 5. F 6. D 7. H 8. N 9. E 10.I 7.

1. persisted in 2. have relevance to 3. becoming aware of 4. isolated from 5. in the name of 6. make a contribution 7. been occupied with 8. tip the scales

9.

世界自然基金会（WWF）是一个致力于有关保护、研究和修复环境议题的国际性非政府组织。该组织最初于1961年被命名为世界野生动物基金会。1986年，它更名为世界自然基金会，以更好地反映其活动范围。它是世界上最大的、独立的自然保护组织，拥有世界各地超过500万的支持者，在100多个国家开展工作，并援助约1,300个与自然和环境保护有关的项目。它的任务是阻止破坏地球的生态环境，建立一个能使人类与自然和谐相处的未来。目前，其大部分工作都集中在对海洋和海岸、森林、淡水的保护。在其他问题上，它也关注濒危物种，污染和气候变化。现在他们最需要的是资金，以履行其使命和处理与自然保护有关的突发事件。 10.

Since the founding of New China, especially since the economic reform and door-opening to the world, the Chinese government has made considerable efforts in eco-environmental protection and achieved effective progress. The government has taken a series of important measures to protect and improve the ecological environment, such as actively promoting key ecological projects, enhancing ecosystem construction and biodiversity conservations, establishing a number of nature reservation, ecological demonstration zones, scenic spots and forest parks. One of the important goals of building a socialist harmonious society is to strengthen ecological protection and construction and to achieve harmony between man and nature. Environmental protection and ecological civilization construction have provided a solid foundation for the sustainable development of China’s economy and society.

Unit 8 section B

Ex. 2 understanding the text:

1 D 2 A 3 C 4 C 5 D 6 B 7 D 8 C

Ex.4 words in use

1 emitted 2 shoved 3 sneak 4 symbol 5 wakened 6 lagged 7 ditch 8 countdown 9 discharged 10 rotated

Ex .5 expressions in use

1 out 2 with 3 in 4 between 5 from 6 of 7 with 8 over

Sentence structure Ex.8

1. People with sleeping disorder cannot sleep much , as is the case with the people who get older

2. The new irrigation system would require farmers to apply for a planning permission, as is the case with other

commercial or industrial developments.

3. We have seen encouraging signs of improvement in our financial conditions, as is the case with the overall economy

according to the media reports

Ex. 7

1. As enthusiastic and curious about it as he was at the start of his career. 2. As interested in these questions as he was when he first read them online. 3. As attentive toward his wife or children as she had expected.

Collocation: Warm-up

1 severely restricted 2 terrifying effects 3 subsequent advances