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In college, the (4) (pressure) to do well is very high. Students know that without (5) (satisfactory) grades, their potential for success at school would be limited, so they sometimes copy their peers' answers in the exam. Besides, with today's technology, there is more information (6) (available) online than ever before. Students don't have to (7) (browse) the Internet long to find essays for sale. These are just some of the reasons why college students might cheat. Although colleges do everything they can to (8) (prevent) cheating, it still goes on. And cheating becomes more (9) (extensive) in some schools. But students should think about the consequences they will (10) (confront). They should stop and think about how happy and proud they will be when they earn a good grade in an honest way.

? Language Focus – Expressions in Use

1. The activities of famous people always attract people's attention, (not to mention) their marriages and divorces.

2. You are free to use the resources in the library or on the Internet, but you must (turn in) a paper written in your own words.

3. Some taxis do not have a meter (计程表). Then it's easy for some dishonest taxi drivers to (rip off) their passengers.

4. All the employees must work hard to (cope with) the present financial difficulties in order to triumph over them in a short period of time.

5. She has already (launched a campaign) for a charity that helps people suffering from unusual diseases.

6. You really believe that this medicine can cure all diseases? (If this is the case/If that is the case) , we don't need doctors or hospitals any more.

7. In my opinion, educational reforms should not (be confined to) big cities alone, where conditions are already much more advanced than in the countryside.

8. Lecturers and journalists have been arguing over a serious question: Will this area (descend into) chaos if another major strike takes place?

? Translation

? 英译汉

The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs. The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion (深爱) to \They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny. Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions. They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous (由同类组成的) group. When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group. Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy. Americans assume people \or \have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.

在所有美国人的信念中，最基本、最强烈的信念可能就是崇尚个人自由。要理解美国人，最重要的也许就是了解他们对\个人主义\的热爱。生活中他们很早就开始受到教育，把自己看成独立的个体，对人生中自己的处境以及自己的前途命运负责。美国人认为自己的思想和行为高度个性化。他们不愿被视为任何同质群体的代表。如果确实加入了群体，他们也认为自己有特别之处，与同一个群体中的其他成员有着些许的差别。与美国人对个人主义赋予的价值紧密相关的是他们对个人隐私的重视。美国人认为，人\需要有自己的时间\或者\有时间独处\，用来思考事情，或者恢复他们所消耗的心理能量。美国人很难理解那些总想与人结伴、不爱独处的外国人。

? 汉译英

为人诚信，以和为贵是中华民族的传统美德。\和\的思想体现在很多方面。在处理人与人的关系上，中国传统思想主张\和为贵\以及\家和万事兴\，从而创造一个和谐的社会环境。

在人与自然的关系上，人类应当学会认识自然，尊重自然，保护自然。人与人、人与社会、人与自然都需要\和谐\。如今，和谐发展依然是我们的治国之本和管理人才之道。随着我国社会经济和文化的发展，\和\的思想更加深入人心。中国正在向构建社会主义和谐社会的目标迈进。

Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues. \aspects. In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that \most precious\and \family that lives in harmony will prosper\A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles. As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature. Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature. Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel. With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of \building a harmonious socialist society.

Unit 7 – Section B

? Language Focus – Words in Use 1. A big problem (encountered) by most freshmen is that they feel sick about being away from home.

2. Jane is a talented language learner. She could (switch) easily from French to English.

3. As a customer service manager, you need to get used to listening to (complaints) from customers.

4. Many people kindly (volunteered) to help us build a shelter for the homeless. 5. Students who do badly in school tests tend to (perceive) themselves to be failures.

6. Some very old traditions still (prevail) in the mountain villages due to lack of communication with the outside world.

7. These young students have just graduated from college and they are (ignorant) of the realities of the modern commercial (商业的) world.

8. Due to the government's (prompt) response to the crisis, the country's economy has not suffered great losses.

9. Parents put a lot of pressure on their children to get good grades. Some parents promise to give rewards for good grades and (threaten) to punish for bad ones.

10. The people who were surveyed in the study had been chosen (randomly) so that the result would be convincing.

? Language Focus – Expressions in Use 1. I am afraid another program error has (cropped up) , so the report won't be ready until tomorrow.

2. It's impolite for us to (cut in line) and we should keep order in public places.

3. The board of directors (pointed to) falling productivity to justify their decision to employ overseas experts.

4. The national income figures (1) (play an) important (2)

(role in) the planning of both short- and long-term government policies.

5. We need to (go beyond) the misleading evidence to recognize the nature of this accident. 6. The famous actress did not (show up) at the party, which was very disappointing to her fans. 7. After the robbery the police immediately (gave chase) to the suspect. And it didn't take long to arrest the robber.

8. Why don't you (mind your own business) ? Let's not interfere with each other. 9. You have to (live with) the fact that you are no longer as strong as you were. 10. I'll (1)

(pass) these clothes (2)

(on to) my little niece when my boys have outgrown them.

? Sentence structure 1. I think any marriage can fail or succeed, (无论夫妻双方是否是同一个种族).

Reference: whether the couple are of the same race or not.

2. When reading the newspaper one often skims an article before deciding (是否更仔细地阅读该文章).

Reference: whether or not to read it more carefully. 3.

(不论这项发明能否带来商业上的成功), being environment-friendly is a factor to be taken into account.

Reference: Whether the invention can lead to commercial success or not.

Unit 8 – Section A

? Language Focus – Words in Use

1. This kind of dance is basically a(n) (sequence) of steps that you repeat over and over again. 2. The man breathed a sigh of (relief) when he was told that everything had arrived in good condition.

3. The troops (retreated) to the nearby hills when they realized that they could not win.

4. He could not (restrain) himself any longer from losing his temper when he learned that his teenage son had skipped class again.

5. It hasn't rained for two months, and this will (inevitably) lead to the decline in rice production.

6. I think the (tendency) to give children too many toys and clothes is quite common in American families.

7. The car crash wasn't an accident; it was a(n) (deliberate) attempt to kill the driver.

8. When our employees are encouraged to participate in the decision-making (process) , they will be much more willing to carry out the decisions.

9. The impact of computer game violence may be (evident) immediately in the child's behavior or may be shown years later.

10. As the woman noticed that her car's brakes were failing, and she could not keep from crashing into the wall, her entire body became (rigid) with fear.

? Word Building 1. present 1. presently 2. cost 2. costly 3. dead 3. deadly 4. approximately 4. approximate 5. name 5. namely 6. scarcely 6. scarce 7. barely 7. bare 8. editor 8. edit 9. generate 9. generator 10. survivor 10. survive

1. I'm not sure of the exact number, but the (approximate) cost of this type of computer ranges from around $800 to $1000.

2. Oil transportation is dangerous to wildlife. Oil spills, possible when transporting oil by boat, are extremely

(deadly) to sea life.

3. Please wait for a while; the manager is (presently) discussing the matter with the clients.

4. A college education can be very (costly) in the United States. Many students have to borrow money to help pay for college.

5. The ship's (generator) broke down, and the pumps had to be operated by hand without the help of electricity.

6. At the meeting, a(n) (bare) majority, 52 percent, agreed to build a highway through the forest, but nearly 40 percent were strongly against the idea.

7. As the number of people on earth increases, it becomes more difficult for the population to (survive) on the resources of the land.

8. Viewing and (editing) documents on a computer screen can be much quicker than working on paper.

9. There are three colors in the British flag, (namely) red, white and blue.

10. In this country, wood was (scarce) , so most houses were built of dried mud, with a roof supported by tree trunks. ? Banked Cloze There was a time when Whitney didn't have a lot of friends. All through high school, she just slipped in and out of \friendships where she didn't find a lot of comfort or (1) (companionship). When it was time for her to go to college, Whitney was nervous and (2) (scared) at the idea that she might have to go without friends. So, she was (3) (determined) to make a

change. The first week of classes, something happened that (4) (transformed) Whitney's life forever. In her English class, when asked to share their goals for the class, most of the students said their goal was to get a good grade, or pass the class. Whitney (5) (uttered) something entirely different: Her goal was to make just one good friend. To her (6) (relief), while most of the students sat in silence, one student came to Whitney and held out his hand and introduced himself. He asked if she would be his friend. The whole room was silent - all eyes (7) (focused) on Whitney and the hand held out just in front of her. She smiled and (8) (stretched) her hand out to take his and a friendship was formed. It was a friendship that lasted through college. It was a friendship from which a romance was (9) (nurtured). It was a friendship that brought two people together in marriage and (10) (steered) them through many good and bad times.

? Language Focus – Expressions in Use 1. The findings show (1) (in) general (2)

(terms) that the same problem begins sooner in the country than in towns.

2. We dashed to the bus station and barely got on the bus when it (pulled away) . 3. Somewhat (1) (to) my (2)

(relief) , the police has finally decided to eliminate my brother from their list of suspects.

4. A child may (be born with) serious handicaps or developmental problems which require extended periods of care.

5. Samuel had been seen as a problem student. However, after he saved the life of the little girl, people began to look at him (in a new light) .

6. Arriving in London (on a mission) to stop the war, he visited the Prime Minister to seek help. 7.

(In comparison) with the other applicants, the last girl we interviewed was much more skilled and intelligent.

8. I had forgotten my mother's birthday. So the next day I bought her a bundle of flowers to (make up for) it.

9. The movie was over and the crowds (spilled out) into the street. 10.

(At the time) , the company was fighting to survive and was forced to lay off engineers as it cut back on costs.

? Translation

? 英译汉

As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations (UN) has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend (超越) national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone. The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding (保护) peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress. In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS. While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy. The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable (热情友好的) and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.

作为世界上唯一一个真正具有普遍性的世界组织，联合国已经成为处理超越国界、而且任何一个国家都无法独立解决的问题的首要论坛。联合国最初的宗旨是维护和平、保护人权、建立国际公平正义的框架以及促进经济和社会进步。近年来，联合国又面临着新的挑战，诸如气候变化、国际恐怖主义和艾滋病等。现在，解决争端及维护和平仍然是联合国最主要的任务。除此之外，联合国及其专门机构还致力于各种旨在改进世界人民生活的活动，从赈灾到教育和妇女进步，再到原子能的和平使用。联合国及其专门机构推动世界成为一个更加友好、更加宜居的地方，为全世界人民带来了福祉。