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NBS GUIDELINES TO THE HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

This is a brief overview of how to use the Harvard Referencing System. Only the commonest form of referencing material has been used. For other, more obscure materials that you may reference to, please use the full version of Cite Them Right. http://northumbria.ac.uk/sd/central/library/ir/orginfo/?view=Standard

When writing a piece of academic work (normally assignments or third year dissertation), one of the greatest challenges that students face is how to reference correctly. This is because:

? Students don’t understand why they need to reference, and ? Students don’t understand how to reference

WHY:

There are three reasons why you need to reference your work:

? To bring evidence to your work of your research and reading ? To give authority and credence to the work you are presenting

? To enable the reader to locate the information that you have used within your

work (refer to the NBS Leaflet: ‘How Not to Plagiarise – A Guide for Students’)

HOW

Firstly, when you are referring or citing to a piece of work within the body of the text, there is one simple rule – you only quote the author’s surname and the year. The main exception to this is when you have used a direct quote, you would normally also include the page reference. However, author and year is the key. There is a good reason for keeping it simple: long, complex references spoil the flow of the text, and can spoil the look of well structured work.

Secondly, within the reference list, you need to use the following chart to identify the correct order of the key components: Book Journal Electronic Internet Newspapers journal site Author’s surname and 1 1 1 1 1 initial Year 2 2 2 2 2 Title of article 3 3 3 Title of book or journal etc 3 4 4 3 4 (italics) Edition 4 Place of publication 5 Publisher 6 Issue number 5 5 Name of collection 6 (italics) Day and month 5 Page 7 (if 6 6 appropriate) [Online] 7 Available at: URL 8 4 (Accessed: Date) 9 5 The reference list that you provide at the end of the work must also be in alphabetical order, using the author’s surname. This makes it easy for the reader to find where you have taken your quote from. The first two items that you use in the reference are shown in bold in the above table – this should match exactly what you have used in your text, except that in the reference list the author’s initial is added. This way, if you have lots of references in your text, it is easy for the reader to find the full information within the reference list.

OTHER SIMPLE RULES:

Use of brackets within the text – the general rule is that if the author’s name is part of the sentence, you only bracket the year (because this is not part of the sentence). If the author’s name is not part of the sentence, both the name and year are shown in brackets.

If you are citing two different publications by an author published in the same year, they should be labelled a, b, c and so on after the date.

Reference lists and bibliography lists – you should provide both. The difference between the two is that:

? The reference list shows what you have directly quoted, or paraphrased, in the

body of your text

? The bibliography list shows what you have generally read to produce your work,

but which is not referred to in any way in the text. Do NOT reproduce in your bibliography all of your references.

Secondary referencing seems to cause problems. The correct approach is that you only provide details of the source you have read in the reference list, but that you include both the secondary and original source in the text.

EXAMPLES: BOOK JOURNAL ELECTRONIC JOURNAL INTERNET SITE NEWSPAPERS SECONDARY REFERENCE (1) SECONDARY REFERENCE (2) WTIHIN TEXT Author’s name in sentence Author’s name not in sentence Harvey (2001) states this is The most appropriate way the most appropriate way to to reference (Harvey, reference 2001) is to keep it simple Boyd & Coulson (2003) The most appropriate way states this is the most to reference (Boyd & appropriate way to reference Coulson, 2003) is to keep it simple Young (2000) states this is The most appropriate way the most appropriate way to to reference (Young, reference 2000) is to keep it simple BBC (2003) states this is the The most appropriate way most appropriate way to to reference (BBC, 2003) reference is to keep it simple Shell (2002) states this is The most appropriate way the most appropriate way to to reference (Shell, 2002) reference is to keep it simple Harvey (2001 cited in Shell ‘…this is the most 2002) states ‘this is the most appropriate way to appropriate way to reference’ (Harvey 2001 reference’ cited in Shell 2002) Shell (2002) notes that ‘…this is the most Harvey (2001) states ‘that is appropriate way to the most appropriate way to reference’ (Shell 2002 reference’ citing Harvey 2001) REFERENCE LIST Harvey, J. (2001) Referencing made easy. 3rd Ed. Newcastle: Sweet Publications. Boyd, K. & Coulson, A. (2003) ‘How to Reference’, Referencing for Beginners, 13, p.25. Young, T. (2000) Know your references, The Art of Referencing, 45, Emerald [Online] Available at: http://emerald/references.org (Accessed: 17 April 2006). BBC (2003) Referencing for university students. Available at: http:// www.bbc.co/referencing. (Accessed: 17 April 2006). Shell, I. (2002) ‘Can university students ever learn to reference?’ The Evening Standard, 17 April, p.2. Shell, I. (2002) ‘Can university students ever learn to reference?’ The Evening Standard. 17 April, p.2. Shell, I. (2002) ‘Can university students ever learn to reference?’ The Evening Standard. 17 April, p.2. Note that either example (1) or (2) is acceptable for secondary referencing.