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Receivable TO£¬Inventory TOºÍpayable TOµÄÇø±ðºÍÁªÏµ---ÈýÕß½áºÏ¿ÉµÃcash conversion cycle

Assets TO=revenue/average total assets Fixed Asset TO=revenue/average net fixed assets Working capital TO=revenue/avg. working capital Current ratio, quick ratioºÍcash ratioÒ»×é·Ç³£ÀàËÆ Debt-to-capital=D/(D+E)Ëùνcapital£¬¼´¸ºÕ®ºÍÈ¨ÒæÖ®ºÍ£¡

Financial leverage¡ª²ÆÎñ¸Ü¸Ë--=avg. total assets/avg. total equity ÊÇÆ½¾ù×Ü×ʲú³ýÒÔÆ½¾ù×ÜÈ¨Òæ¡ª¹ËÃû˼Ò壬 ÊÇÏÈÓеÄÈ¨ÒæËùÄÜÇ˶¯µÄ×ܵÄ×ʲúµÄÊýÁ¿---½ö´Ë½Ð×ö²ÆÎñ¸Ü¸Ë£¡ ÀûÏ¢±£Õϱ¶Êý=EBIT /I

ËùνEBIT¼´operating income¼´operating profit ROAµÄ¼ÆË㹫ʽʵ¼ÊÉϲ¢²»Í³Ò»£¬ ÓжàÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ¹«Ê½ ROA=NI/Avg. Assets ROA=EBIT/avg. Assets

ROA=(NI+ interest*(1-T))/avg. assets Return on total capital=EBIT/avg. total capital ¶Å°î·ÖÎöϵͳ£º

ROE=NI/equityÓɴ˽øÐÐÀ©Õ¹

ROE=NI/sales*sales/assets*assets/equity=ÏúÊÛ¾»ÀûÂÊ¡Á×ʲúÖÜתÂÊ¡ÁÈ¨Òæ³ËÊý È¨Òæ³ËÊý¼´leverage ratio¼´financial leverage¼´equity multiplier£¬leverage multiplier ½øÒ»²½À©Õ¹£º

ROE=(NI/EBT)*(EBT/EBIT)*(EBIT/Revenue)*(Revenue/Total Assets)*(Total Assets/Total Equity) ˰Îñ¸ºµ£¡ÁÀûÏ¢¸ºµ£¡ÁEbit margin¡Á×ʲúÖÜתÂÊ¡ÁÈ¨Òæ±¨³êÂÊ Understanding balance sheet Balance sheet ASSETS BS Liability account BS Equity account account Cash and equivalent Acc. Receivable Inventory Prepaid expense Investment Capital stock Additional capital stock Treasury stock Retained earnings Accumulated other comprehensive income×¢Ò⣡£¡ PPE Capital lease obligations Intangible assets Pension liability Deferred tax assets Deferred tax liability Pension assets US GAAP ¶ÔÓÚminority interestµÄ´¦Àí¿ÉÒÔÔÚliability²¿·Ö»òÕßequity²¿·Ö»òÕßλÓÚliabilityºÍequityÖ®¼äµÄmezzanine²¿·Ö½øÐÐÌåÏÖ£¡£¡£¡£¡

±íÍâÐÅÏ¢Åû¶---off-balance-sheet disclosure¡ªÒÔÏÂÐÅÏ¢Ö®footnoteÅû¶£º

1. Accounting policy, including revenue recognition, other accounting methods and

judgment used

2. Estimation of uncertainty, including key assumptions that pose a significant risk 3. Debt agreement terms 4. Lease and off-balance-sheet financing 5. Business segments

6. Contingent assets and liabilities 7. Pension plans

BSÉϵÄ×ʲúµÄ½ð¶î²»ÄÜÓÃÓÚÆÀ¹À¹«Ë¾µÄ¼ÛÖµ£¡ Financial statement footnoteÓ¦¸Ã°üÀ¨ÈçÏÂÐÅÏ¢£º

? Basis for measurement

? Carrying value of inventory by category ? ¡­¡­..¼ûnote 88Ò³

GAAP¹æ¶¨£¬´æ»õµÄ¹À¼Æ·½·¨ÊÇ×î´Î³É±¾·¨»ò¾»ÊµÏÖÖµ·¨£¡---net realizable vaule=selling price of inventory-estimated cost of completion-disposal cost!

Accrued liabilities (accrued expenses) ÊÇÖ¸ÏÖÔÚ»¹Ã»ÓÐcontractually dueµÄÕ®Îñ»òÕß·ÑÓᣠÈçµ½Äêµ×²Åµ½ÆÚµÄliability£¬ ÔÚµÚÒ»¸ö¼¾¶È½áÊøÊ±¾ÍÔö¼ÓËÄ·ÖÖ®Ò»µÄAccrued liabilities£¬¶øÕâЩliabilityÔÚµÚÒ»¸ö¼¾¶ÈÄ©¸ù±¾Ã»ÓÐdue£¡

×¢ÒâgoodwillµÄ¶¨Ò壡excess of purchase price over fair value£¡¹ºÂò¼Û¸ñ³¬³öÆäfair valueµÄ²¿·Ö---²»½øÐÐ̯Ïú£¬ ÿÄê½øÐвâÊÔtestÊÇ·ñÓÐimpaired---¹«Ë¾¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÀûÈó²Ù¿Ø---½µµÍʵÎï×ʲúµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬Ìá¸ßgoodwill£¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÒÔ¼õÉÙÕ۾ɣ¬´Ó¶øÔö¼Ó¾»ÀûÈó£¡

Acc. Payable Accrued expenses Unearned revenue Notes payable Bond payable ¹«Ë¾ÄÚ²¿ÐγɵÄgoodwillÒª°´ÕÕ²úÉúµÄ·ÑÓýøÐзÑÓû¯£¡ÈçÖØ×éÁËÆäÑøÀÏ»ù½ð£¬ Ôò¸ÃgoodwillÖ±½Óexpensed as incurred£¡

ËùÒÔ·ÖÎöʦÔÚ½øÐзÖÎöʱ£¬Ó¦¸Ã½«goodwill´ÓBSÒÔ¼°½«goodwillµÄimpairment´ÓNI±íÖп۳ýºóÔÙ×ö±È½Ï

Mark to market---MTMÊÇÖ¸½«×ʲúºÍ¸ºÕ®°´ÕÕfair value½øÐмÆÈëµÄ·½Ê½ BS Trading stock ¶ÌÆÚ½»Ò×»ñÀû Available for sales Held-to-maturity ²»»á³ÖÓе½ÆÚ£¬Ò²²»³ÖÓе½ÆÚ »á¶ÌÆÚÂòÂô Fair value---MTM Fair value--MTM Amortized cost---face value-unamortized discount»òÕß=face value + unamortized premium Dividends; Dividends; Interest; Interest Interest; Realized gain or loss Realized gain or loss; Realized gain or loss Unrealized gain or loss ¶ÔÓÚûÓÐʵÏÖµÄgain»òÕßloss»áÔÚOCIÖÐÌåÏÖ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÔÚNIÖÐÌåÏÖ NI OE°üÀ¨Îå¸ö²¿·Ö£º 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Contributed capital Retained earnings; Minority interest; Treasury stock;

Other comprehensive income!----

a. accumulated other comprehensive income °üÀ¨Á˳ýÈ¥¹«Ë¾ÔÚNIÖÐÌåÏÖµÄÕý

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b. comprehensive income°üÀ¨Á½²¿·Ö=net income + other comprehensive

income

Understanding the cash flow statement ÈýÕÅÖ÷Òª±í¸ñÖУ¬ Ö»ÓÐÏÖ½ðÁ÷Á¿±íÊǸù¾ÝÏÖ½ðÊÕ¸¶ÖƽøÐбàÖÆ£¬ÆäËû×ʲú¸ºÕ®±í£¬ ÀûÈó±í¶¼ÊǸù¾ÝȨÔð·¢ÉúÖÆ½øÐбàÖÆ¡ªaccrual basis GAAPµÄ¹æ¶¨£º

Trading stockµÄ¹ºÂòºÍÊÕÈëÊôÓÚCFO£»

InterestºÍdividedµÄÊÕÈë¶¼ÊôÓÚCFO£¬----ÊÕµ½µÄDivÊÇCFO£¬Ç§Íò±ðŪ»ì£¡ µ«ÊÇinterestµÄÖ§³öÊÇÊôÓÚCFO£¬ ¶øDividendµÄÖ§³öÔòÊÇÊôÓÚCFF¡£ Ò»¶¨Òª×¢ÒâÇø±ð£¡ ¹ºÂòծȯÊÇCFIµ«ÊÇծȯµÄÊÕÈëÔòÊÇCFO£»

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·ÇÏÖ½ðµÄinvestingºÍfinancingÐÐΪ²»»áÔÚCFÖÐÌåÏÖ³öÀ´¡£ÈçÂô·½ÌṩÐÅ´û¹ºÂò·¿µØ²ú£¬»òÕßdebtºÍequityµÄ»¥»»¡£ µ«ÊÇÕâЩnon-cashµÄtransactionÒª×öfootnote»òÕßsupplementary scheduleÖÐ˵Ã÷£»

ËùÓÐÖ§¸¶µÄtax¶¼ÊÇCFO£¬Í¬Ê±°üÀ¨investingºÍfinancing½»Ò×ÖвúÉúµÄtax¶¼ÊôÓÚCFO£¡

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1. Cash collections from customers;---

a. net sales

b. changes in AR;

c. customer cash advances

2. Cash paid to suppliers;

a. COGS

b. Change in inventory c. Change in AP;

d. Change in other liabilities

3. Cash paid for operating expenses;

a. SGA;

b. Prepaid expenses;

c. Changes in accrued liabilities d. Wages;

e. Wages payable

4. Cash paid for interests;

a. Interest expenses----from IS b. Interest payable---from BS c. ֤ȯµÄÕÛ¼ÛÒç¼ÛÕË»§

5. Cash paid for taxes

a. Tax expenses---IS b. Tax payable----BS c. Deferred tax---BS

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ÄÚÈݺÍBSµÄÏà¹ØÄÚÈݱØÐë¶¼Òª¿¼ÂǽøÈ¥£º±ÈÈçISÖеÄwagesºÍBSÖеÄwages payableÒª½áºÏ¿¼ÂÇ£¬ISÖеÄinterestºÍBSÖеÄinterest payableÒ²Òª½áºÏ¿¼ÂǶÔÏÖ½ðÁ÷µÄÓ°Ïì¡£ ¶ø¶ÔÓÚ¼ä½Ó·¨À´Ëµ£¬ISÖеÄwages£¬interestµÈÒѾ­ÔÚ¼ÆËãNIµÄʱºò¼ÆË㿼ÂǽøÈ¥ÁË£¬ ËùÒÔÔÚ¼ä½Ó·¨¼ÆËãµÄʱºò¾Í²»ÔÙ¿¼ÂÇÕâЩÒòËØÁË£¬½ö½ö¿´BSÖÐ

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×ÔÓÉÏÖ½ðÁ÷Á¿----ÊÇÖ¸¿É¹©ËùÓÐinvestor·ÖÅäµÄÏÖ½ðÁ÷Á¿---°üÀ¨equity ownerºÍdebt holder FCFF---free cash flow to the firm=NI+NCC(non-cash depreciation/amortization)+interest*(1-T)-FC investment-WC investment FCFF=CFO+ interest *(1-T)-FC Investment

Free cash flow to equity---FCFE=CFO-FC Investment+ Net borrowing Cash flow to revenue=CFO/net revenue Cash return on assets= CFO/ average total assets Cash return on equity= CFO/average total equity Cash to income=CFO/operating income

Cash flow per share= (CFO-preferred div)/weighted average number of common shares Interest coverage=EBIT/interest payment = (CFO+ interest paid + taxes paid)/interest paid Analysis of inventory´æ»õ·ÖÎö FIFO ºÍ LIFO

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