2019版中考英语总复习 专题二 名词(语法专项突破+系统梳理+提升演练)(含解析) 人教新目标版 下载本文

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语法专项突破

考点1 名词的分类

名词是表示人或事物名称的词,它分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词,有单数和复数之分;不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词,没有复数形式。 类别 意义 例词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组Ann,Japan,the Great 专有名词 织等名称的词 Wall,Hang Zhou 个体pen,desk,table,bike,可表示个体的人或事物的词 名词 plane 数名集体family,class,police,普表示一群人或一些事物的词 词 名词 team,group 通不物质表示构成各种物体的物质或材glass,water,air,paper,名可名词 料的词 wood 词 数抽象表示状态、品质、行为、感情等danger,health,love,名名词 抽象概念的词 success,interest 词 考点2 名词的数 1.可数名词的复数形式 (1)规则变化 构成方式 例词 一般在词尾加-s book—books pen—pens 以s,x,sh,ch结尾的加-es box—boxes watch—watches 以y结尾的词 story—stories ①以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,把yfactory—factories 变成i,再加-es boy—boys ②以“元音字母+y”结尾的词直接加key—keys -s 以f或fe结尾的词,把f或fe改为v,再加-es(scarf的复数为scarfs或knife—knives life—lives scarves;giraffe的复数为giraffes;wife—wives roof的复数为roofs) 以o结尾的词 potato—potatoes ①potato,tomato,hero等有生命的加tomato—tomatoes -es zoo—zoos photo—photos ②zoo,radio,photo,piano等无生命radio—radios 的加-s (2)可数名词变复数的不规则变化 ①oo变为ee,如:foot→feet,tooth→teeth,goose→geese,但注意boot的复数是boots。

②a变为e,如:man→men,woman→women,policeman→policemen,postman→postmen,Englishman→Englishmen,但注意German的复数是Germans。

③有些名词单复数形式相同,如:sheep→sheep,deer→deer,fish→fish,Chinese→Chinese,Japanese→Japanese,means→means

④部分名词的单复数形式无规律可循,需个别记忆,如:child→children,mouse→mice ⑤有些名词只有复数形式,如:clothes(衣服),trousers(裤子),glasses(眼镜),shorts(短裤),jeans(牛仔裤),thanks(感谢)

2.不可数名词量的表达

不可数名词计量时,用“基数词/不定冠词+表数量的名词+of+不可数名词”表示,数词决定表示数量的名词的单/复数形式。

a bottle of water 一瓶水 a cup of tea 一杯茶 a piece of news一则新闻 two bowls of rice两碗饭 two pairs of glasses两副眼镜 three pieces of advice三条建议 考点3 名词所有格

名词所有格的构成方式有以下三种:'s形式的所有格、of短语构成的所有格和双重所有格。

1.'s形式的所有格 类别 构成方法 举例 有生命的单数名词 加's my son's pen 以s结尾加' the teachers' office 有生命的复数名词 不以s结尾加's the children's homework 单数加's an hour's walk 表示时间、距离、国家等的名词 复数加' ten days' holiday 表示几个人共同拥有 在最后一个名词后加's Mike and John's desk 表示每个人各自拥有 在每个名词后加's Mike's and John's desks 2.of短语构成的所有格 (1)没有生命的名词一般用of短语来表示所有关系。 This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。

(2)当有生命的名词的定语较长时,也可以用of短语来表示所有关系。 The movie of the old kind woman is moving. 这位善良的老妇人的电影很感人。 3.双重所有格

表示所属物的名词前有冠词(a,an)、数词(one,two...)、非确定特指的限定词(some,any,a few...)、物主代词(my,your...)或指示限定词(this,that,these,those)时,常用“of+所有格/名词性物主代词”的形式,即双重所有格来表示所有关系。

Bob is a friend of Tom's.鲍勃是汤姆的一位朋友。 考点4 名词的语法作用 1.作主语

名词在句中能作多种成分,作主语是其最常见的用法之一。 The sun is rising.太阳正在升起。 2.作宾语

名词在句中常用作动词或介词的宾语。

I bought a toy car for my son last week. 上周我给儿子买了个玩具汽车。

You have to deal with the problem by yourself. 你必须自己处理这个问题。 3.作表语

Lucy is my cousin.露西是我的表妹。 4.作宾语补足语

We chose Jack our monitor. 我们选杰克当我们的班长。 5.作定语

(1)名词作定语一般用单数形式。

There is an apple tree in our yard. 在我们家院子里有一棵苹果树。 (2)man,woman用于名词前作定语,表示性别时,其形式与所修饰的名词一致,即man,woman后用单数名词,men,women后用复数名词。

They are all men teachers.他们都是男教师。 A woman doctor is sitting in the room. 有个女医生坐在房间里。

(3)个别名词用复数形式作定语。

Our sports meeting was put off because of the heavy rain. 因为大雨我们的运动会被推迟了。

1.(2012湖南怀化中考,24)—What would you like,Helen? —I'd like some______.

A.eggs B.beefs C.banana 2.(2012湖南株洲中考,22)Bananas,apples and oranges are all ______. A.fruits B.vegetables C.drinks 3.(2012湖南岳阳中考,21)Jeremy Lin is the first Chinese-American basketball ______ in the NBA.He is a little different from Yao Ming.

A.dancer B.player C.watcher 4.(2012贵州遵义中考,27)All the ______ in our school enjoyed themselves on March 8th because it was their own holiday.

A.men teachers B.women teachers C.woman teacher 5.(2012湖北恩施中考,21)—How far is it from your home to school? —It's about twenty ______ walk.

A.minute's B.minutes' C.minutes 6.(2012四川凉山中考,23)—I feel very thirsty and hungry after a long walk. —Would you like some ______ and ______?

A.apple juice;sandwich B.apples juice;sandwiches C.apple juice;sandwiches

7.(2012四川自贡中考,35)—What's your favorite______? —Summer.Because I can swim in rivers.

A.season B.subject C.music 8.(2012四川广安中考,24)—Miss Li,could you give me ______on English learning? —Certainly.First you should speak English every day.

A.any advices B.many advices C.some advice 9.Mr Jackson keeps lots of ______on his farm. A.sheep B.chicken C.pig

10.Mr White has a beautiful garden with many ______ in it. A.flowers B.grass C.villages

11.Could you take ______ for these ______?They are very beautiful. A.any photos;tomatoes B.some photos;tomatoes C.some photos;tomatos 12.Mr Black gave us ______ on how to learn English well. A.an advice B.many advices C.some advice

13.We need to come up with a/an ______ and make a decision at once. A.information B.advice C.idea 14.I'm hungry.Can you give me ______?

A.some slice of bread B.some slices of bread C.some breads 15.It's ______ train ride from here to that city. A.8 hour B.8 hours C.8 hours'

16.Today is September 10th.It's ______ Day.Let's go and buy some flowers for our teachers.

A.Teachers B.Teachers' C.the Teachers'

17.This is not my dictionary.It's ______.She lent it to me this morning. A.my sister B.my sisters C.my sister's