内容发布更新时间 : 2024/5/4 9:51:24星期一 下面是文章的全部内容请认真阅读。
an udder cell of a six-year-old sheep. Wilmut fused the udder cell with an egg from another sheep, after first removing all genetic material from the egg. The udder cell's genes took up residence in the egg and directed it to grow and develop. The result was Dolly, the identical twin of the original sheep that provided the udder cells, but an identical twin born six years later.
多利是头克隆羊。它不是精卵结合的产物，而是由取自一头六龄羊的乳腺细胞的基因材料生成的。威尔莫特先将取自另一头羊的卵子中的所有基因材料取出，再将该卵子与这一乳腺细胞融合。乳腺细胞的基因在该卵子中安营扎寨，令其生长发育。其结果就是多利羊，即与提供乳腺细胞的那头羊一模一样的孪生羊，只是这头孪生羊晚出生了6年。
5 Until Dolly entered the world, cloning was the stuff of science fiction. It had been raised as a possibility decades ago, then dismissed, something that serious scientists thought was simply not going to happen anytime soon. Now it is not fantasy to think that someday, perhaps decades from now, but someday, you could clone yourself and make tens, dozens, hundreds of genetically identical twins. Nor is it science fiction to think that your cells could be improved beforehand, genetically engineered to add some genes and remove others. \\
在多利羊问世之前，克隆技术不过是科学幻想的故事。几十年前有人提出这种可能性，后来遭到摒弃，严肃的科学家那时认为克隆在近期根本不可能实现。现在这已不再是幻想，几十年之后，或许有朝一日你可以克隆自己，造出数十个，数百个，上千个基因完全相同的孪生的兄弟。事先改进你的细胞，运用基因工程注入某些基因，剔除某些基因，这样的事也不再是科学幻想。
6 True, it was a sheep that was cloned, not a human being. But there was nothing exceptional about sheep. Even Wilmut, who made it clear that he was opposed to the very idea of cloning people, said that there was no longer any theoretical reason why humans could not clone themselves, using the same methods he had used to clone Dolly. \is no reason in principle why you couldn't do it.\
没错，克隆的是头羊，而不是人。但羊并没有任何独特之处。甚至明确表示反对克隆人的威尔莫特也称，理论上，没有理由说人类不能使用与克隆多利羊同样的手段来克隆人类本身。“原则上没有不能这么做的理由。”但他补充说，“我们都会认为这样做令人厌恶。”
7 We live in a time when we argue about pragmatism and compromises in our quest to be morally right. But cloning forces us back to the most basic questions that have plagued humanity since the dawn of recorded time: What is good and what is evil? And how much potential for evil can we tolerate to obtain something that might be good? Cloning, with its possibilities for creating our own identical twins, brings us back to the ancient sins of vanity and pride; the sins of Narcissus, who so loved himself, and of Prometheus, who, in stealing fire, sought the powers of God. So before we can ask why we are so fascinated by cloning, we have to examine our souls and ask, What exactly so bothers many of us about trying to make an exact copy of our genetic selves? Or, if we are not bothered, why aren't we? 我们生活在这样一个时代，人们为了追求道德的完善对实用主义和妥协折衷的问题争论不休。而克隆技术迫使我们回到有史以来一直困扰人类的那些最本质的问题：何者为善，何者为恶？为了获得可能有益的东西，我们对邪恶的隐患能容忍到何种程度？克隆技术以其创造与我们自身完全一样的孪生兄弟的可能性，将我们带回到种种古老的罪孽：虚荣傲慢；那喀索斯式的自恋罪，以及普罗米修斯的罪孽，他以盗火来谋求上帝的权力。因此，我们在扪心自问为什么对克隆技术如此着迷之前，不得不首先审视自己的心灵，问一问：究竟是什么东西使得我们中的许多人对于尝试复制与自身基因完全等同的孪生兄弟那么不安？或者，如果我们并没有感到不安，其原因又是什么？
8 We want children who resemble us. Even couples who use donor eggs or donor sperm, search catalogs of donors to find people who resemble themselves. Several years ago, a poem by Linda Pastan, called \Home,\ Is it my own image I love so in your face?
I lean over your sleep, Narcissus over
his clear pool, ready to fall in -- to drown for you if necessary.
Yet if we so love ourselves, reflected in our children, why is it so terrifying to so many of us to think of seeing our exact genetic replicas born again, identical twins years younger than we? Is it one thing for nature to form us through a genetic lottery, and another for us to take complete control, abandoning all thoughts of somehow, through the mixing of genes, having a child who is like us, but better? Normally, when a man and a woman have a child together, the child is an unpredictable mixture of the two. We recognize that, of course, in the old joke in which a beautiful but dumb woman suggests to an ugly but brilliant man that the two have a child. Just think of how wonderful the baby would be, the woman says, with my looks and your brains. Aha, says the man. But what if the child inherited my looks and your brains?
我们希望子女像我们自己。即使是采用捐赠卵子或捐赠精子的夫妇也要查找精子捐献人名录，以发现与自己相像的人。若干年前，琳达· 帕斯坦写的一首题为《致离家的女儿》的诗曾出现在纽约地铁的墙上，诗中写道：
难道是我自己的形象 映在你的脸上 使我如此爱恋？ 我俯视着安睡的你 就像那喀索斯俯视着 他那一潭清水，
随时准备跳下去―― 如有必要 为你沉溺
然而，如果我们如此爱恋在子女身上映现出来的自我，那为什么我们当中有这么多人，一想到将目睹与我们完全一样的基因复制品、比自己年轻许多的双胞胎降生的时候，就会感到如此惊恐？难道大自然通过基因的任意组合将我们造就是一回事，而由我们自己实施全面控制，摈弃一切随意的念头，通过基因组合造就一个与我们相似但更为完美的孩子则又是另外一回事？当男女一起生育孩子时，孩子往往是两个人基因的不可预料的组合。显然，一个老笑话表明我们已经认识到了这一点。这个笑话说的是一位漂亮但蠢笨的女人向一个丑陋但才华横溢的男人建议两人一起生一个孩子。想一想吧，那女人说，孩子拥有我的容貌、你的大脑那将会多么出色。啊，那男人说，可要是孩子继承了我的容貌你的大脑呢？
9 Cloning brings us face-to-face with what it means to be human and makes us confront both the privileges and limitations of life itself. It also forces us to question the powers of science. Is there, in fact, knowledge that we do not want? Are there paths we would rather not pursue?
克隆技术使我们直接面对做人的意义这个问题，使我们直接面对生命本身的特权与限制。克隆技术也迫使我们对科学的力量提出质疑。是不是有些知识我们真的不要去获取？有一些路我们宁愿不去探寻？
10 The time is long past when we can speak of the purity of science, divorced from its consequences. If any needed reminding that the innocence of scientists was lost long ago, they need only recall the comments of J. Robert Oppenheimer, the genius who was a father of the atomic bomb and who was transformed in the process from a supremely confident man, ready to follow his scientific curiosity, to a humbled and troubled soul, wondering what science had let loose.
我们奢谈科学的纯洁性，将科学与其后果分离的时代早已过去。如果有谁还需要提醒，科学家的纯真早已丧失，他们只要回想一下J·罗伯特·奥本海默的话。奥本海默是一位天才，他是原子弹的缔造者之一。他在追求科学的过程中，从一个极其自信、随时准备跟着科学好奇心走的人，逐渐变成了一个谦恭困惑的人，他不知道科学放出了什么妖魔。
11 Before the bomb was made, Oppenheimer said, \
and do it.\physicists have known sin; and this is a knowledge which they cannot lose.\ 在原子弹造出之前，奥本海默说：“当你看到某个技术完美的东西时，你就毫不犹豫地去实现它。”原子弹投在广岛、长崎之后，他在1947年发表的一则令人毛骨悚然的演说中指出：“物理学家们已经尝到过罪孽的滋味，这种滋味他们无法忘记。”
12 As with the atom bomb, cloning is complex, multi-layered in its threats and its promises. It offers the possibility of real scientific advances that can improve our lives and save them. In medicine, scientists dream of using cloning to reprogram cells so we can make our own body parts for transplantation. Suppose, for example, you needed a bone marrow transplant. Some deadly forms of leukemia can be cured completely if doctors destroy your own marrow and replace it with healthy marrow from someone else. But the marrow must be a close genetic match to your own. If not, it will lash out at you and kill you. Bone marrow is the source of the white blood cells of the immune system. If you have someone else's marrow, you'll make their white blood cells. And if those cells think you are different from them, they will attack.
如同原子弹一样，克隆技术带来的威胁与希望是复杂的、 多层面的。它提供了改善生活、拯救生命的真正科学进步的可能性。在医学上，科学家梦想着运用克隆技术改编细胞的编码指令程序，这样我们就可以制造出我们自己身体的某些部分进行移植。比如说，假定你需要进行骨髓移植。如果医生摧毁你自身的骨髓，用他人的健康骨髓来取代，某些致命的白血病就能得到彻底的医治。但骨髓的属型必须与你自己的相匹配。不然的话，移植的骨髓就会向你发起进攻，置你于死地。骨髓是免疫系统的白细胞的来源。如果你获得别人的骨髓，你就会造出别人的白细胞。如果这些白细胞认定你与它们不同，它们就会发起进攻。
13 But suppose, instead, that scientists could take one of your cells -- any cell -- and merge it with a human egg. The egg would start to divide, to develop, but it would not be permitted to divide more than a few times. Instead, technicians would bathe it in proteins that direct primitive cells, embryo cells, to become marrow cells. What started out to be a clone of you could grow into a batch of your marrow -- the perfect match. 不过，可以有别的办法。假定科学家能够用你自身的某个细胞――任何一个细胞――将它与人的卵细胞融合。卵细胞开始分裂，生长，但你可以控制它，只让它分裂若干次。技术人员将它置于蛋白质当中，指令原始细胞，即胚胎细胞，长成骨髓细胞。开始时本可以克隆你的东西却可以长成一批你的骨髓――与你完美相配的骨髓。 14 More difficult, but not inconceivable, would be to grow solid organs, like kidneys or livers, in the same way. 更为困难，但并非不可思议的，是以同样的方法长成完整的器官，如肾脏或肝脏。
15 Another possibility is to create animals whose organs are perfect genetic matches for humans. If you need a liver, a kidney, or even a heart, you might be able to get one from a specially designed pig clone.
另一种可能性是生成器官与人类基因完全吻合的动物。如果你需要肝脏，肾脏，甚至心脏，你或许能从一头特别设计的克隆猪身上获得。
16 The possibilities are limitless, scientists say, and so, some argue, we should stop focusing on our hypothetical fears and think about the benefits that cloning could bring. 科学家称克隆技术蕴藏着无穷的可能性，因此，有人争辩说，我们不应该喋喋不休地谈论种种假设的恐惧，而去想一想克隆技术能够带来的裨益。
Laurence Tribe used to be against human cloning. However, the arrival of Dolly the sheep led him to have second thoughts on the matter.
劳伦斯·特赖布过去反对克隆人。然而，多利羊的问世促使他重新思考这一问题。
3、通过活动，使学生养成博览群书的好习惯。 B比率分析法和比较分析法不能测算出各因素的影响程度。√ C采用约当产量比例法，分配原材料费用与分配加工费用所用的完工率都是一致的。Ｘ C采用直接分配法分配辅助生产费用时，应考虑各辅助生产车间之间相互提供产品或劳务的情况。错 C产品的实际生产成本包括废品损失和停工损失。√ C成本报表是对外报告的会计报表。× C成本分析的首要程序是发现问题、分析原因。× C成本会计的对象是指成本核算。× C成本计算的辅助方法一般应与基本方法结合使用而不单独使用。√
C成本计算方法中的最基本的方法是分步法。X D当车间生产多种产品时，“废品损失”、“停工损失”的借方余额，月末均直接记入该产品的产品成本 中。× D定额法是为了简化成本计算而采用的一种成本计算方法。× F“废品损失”账户月末没有余额。√ F废品损失是指在生产过程中发现和入库后发现的不可修复废品的生产成本和可修复废品的修复费用。Ｘ F分步法的一个重要特点是各步骤之间要进行成本结转。(√) G各月末在产品数量变化不大的产品，可不计算月末在产品成本。错 G工资费用就是成本项目。(×) G归集在基本生产车间的制造费用最后均应分配计入产品成本中。对 J计算计时工资费用，应以考勤记录中的工作时间记录为依据。(√) J简化的分批法就是不计算在产品成本的分批法。(×) J简化分批法是不分批计算在产品成本的方法。对 J加班加点工资既可能是直接计人费用，又可能是间接计人费用。√ J接生产工艺过程的特点，工业企业的生产可分为大量生产、成批生产和单件生产三种，X K可修复废品是指技术上可以修复使用的废品。错 K可修复废品是指经过修理可以使用，而不管修复费用在经济上是否合算的废品。Ｘ P品种法只适用于大量大批的单步骤生产的企业。× Q企业的制造费用一定要通过“制造费用”科目核算。Ｘ Q企业职工的医药费、医务部门、职工浴室等部门职工的工资，均应通过“应付工资”科目核算。Ｘ S生产车间耗用的材料，全部计入“直接材料”成本项目。Ｘ S适应生产特点和管理要求，采用适当的成本计算方法，是成本核算的基础工作。(×) W完工产品费用等于月初在产品费用加本月生产费用减月末在产品费用。对 Y“预提费用”可能出现借方余额，其性质属于资产，实际上是待摊费用。对 Y引起资产和负债同时减少的支出是费用性支出。X Y以应付票据去偿付购买材料的费用，是成本性支出。X Y原材料分工序一次投入与原材料在每道工序陆续投入，其完工率的计算方法是完全一致的。Ｘ Y运用连环替代法进行分析，即使随意改变各构成因素的替换顺序，各因素的影响结果加总后仍等于指标的总差异，因此更换各因索替换顺序，不会影响分析的结果。(×) Z在产品品种规格繁多的情况下，应该采用分类法计算产品成本。对 Z直接生产费用就是直接计人费用。X Z逐步结转分步法也称为计列半成品分步法。√ A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用，“制造费用”账户月末(可能有月末余额/可能有借方余额/可能有贷方余额/可能无月末余额)。 A按年度计划分配率分配制造费用的方法适用于(季节性生产企业)