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词的运用英语写作专题训练——过渡词
一. 教学内容：
英语写作专题训练——过渡词
众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。
过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。
一、过渡词的分类
1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类： （1）表并列关系的过渡词:
and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not only…but also, both … and, either … or, neither…nor （2）表递进关系的过渡词:
besides, in addition（加之，除……之外）, moreover(此外，而且), what’s more， what’s worse （3）表转折对比的过渡词：
but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not only…but also, here…there, years ago…today, this…that, the former…the latter, then…now, the first… whereas the second, once…now, on the one hand … on the other hand, some…others （4）表原因的过渡词:
because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）
（5）表结果的过渡词:
so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then, thereby, hence, so…that, such…that （6）表条件的过渡词:
if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:
when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment
（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:
first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, meanwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）
（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词:
in other words, that is to say, to put it another way （10）表进行举例说明的过渡词:
for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词:
in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词:
certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously （13）表比较的过渡词：
like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to （14）表目的的过渡词：
for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to （15）表总结的过渡词:
in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, after all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary
2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。―启‖就是开头, ―承‖是承接，―转‖是转折，―合‖是综合或总结。 （1）用于―启‖的过渡词语 用于表示―启‖的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：
first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently, now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that…, As the proverb says…,
It goes without saying that…, It is clear/obvious that…, Many people often ask … （2）用于―承‖的过渡词语 表示―承‖的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：
second, similarly, in addition, besides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt， It is true that…,
Everybody knows that…,
It can be easily proved that…, No one can deny that…
The reason why …is that …, There is no doubt that…,
To take…for an example (instance) …, We know that…,
What is more serious is that…
（3）用于―转‖的过渡词语 用于―转‖的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：
but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何), nevertheless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ..., yet, instead, I do not believe that…, Perhaps you’ll ask why…
This may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to…, Though we are in basic agreement with …, yet differences will be found,
That’s why I feel that… （4）用于―合‖的过渡词语 用于―合‖的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：
in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking，to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on the whole(就整体而言), to sum up
From this point of view …
On account of this we can find that … The result is dependent on …
Thus, this is the reason why we must…
二、过渡词的应用
有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用so， and，then，but，or，however，yet等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，意义更连贯。例如： 1. 学生习作
TV and website
TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.
They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.
Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.
这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。 修改后的文章：
TV and website
Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.
However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.
修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段
第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.
第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.
第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features…
这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地衔接起来。
如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章增色很多。（见上文）
我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。
As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life.
Online shopping has many advantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We don’t have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time.
However, online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. What’s worse, we can not see the things in detail.
Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So we should develop it.
2. 2005年高考作文题
我们主要看一下今年的高考作文题中过渡词的使用: 2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（1） 英 语
第二节 书面表达（满分25分）
假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。 注意：
1. 词数100左右，信的格式已为你写好。
2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3. 参考词汇：牛津——Oxford 费用——fee
Dear Sir/Madame,
______________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua
Possible version:
Dear Sir/Madame,
I’m writing for more information about the day tour to London. As a student at Oxford University, I’d like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it included? Or do I need to bring along my own food?
How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, I’d like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London. Yours, Li Hua
2005年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英 语（北京卷）
第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35分） 第一节 情景作文（20分）