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1.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.
那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大程度 上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复制品的数量。
2.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comin gs and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cult ivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.
哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那结不尽相同的创作冲动的 穿梭往来；另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作 冲动。
3.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mr s. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics，since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional pict
ure of the \ of reverie a nd vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousn ess.
弗吉尼亚.伍尔夫（Virginia Woolf）在创作《黛洛维夫人》（Mrs. Dalloway）时有关
其创作意图的这番发人深思的陈述，迄今为止一贯为文学评论家们所忽略，因为它突出 反映了她诸多文学兴趣中某一方面，而这一方面则与人们对“诗性”小说家（poetic n ovelist）所形成的传统见解大相径庭。所谓的“诗性”小说家，所关注的是审视想入非 非和白日梦幻的诸般状态，并致力于追寻个体意识的通幽曲径。
4.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent，he sho ws that the slaves’ preference，revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent，was very much for stable monogamy.
虽然古特曼承认，由于奴隶买卖而造成的被迫离散甚为频繁，但他还是证明，奴隶的偏 爱——在那些奴隶买卖并不频繁的种植园上被最为显著地揭示出来——在很大程度上侧 重于稳定的一夫一妻制（monogamy）。
5.Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore，music，and religious expression from one generation to another，a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.
古特曼人令人信服地论辨道，黑人家庭的稳定有助于包括民间传说、音乐、及宗教表达 在内的黑人文化遗产一代一代传递下去，因而在维持文化遗产方面也起着至关重要的作 用，而对于这种文化遗产，黑奴们不断地从其非洲和美洲的经历中予以丰富发展。
6.This preference for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derived from West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differed from one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.
古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽 管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻（union with close kin）的禁止。
7.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States，but his definition of racial prejudice as \group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition，\as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews
in medieval Europe.
该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族 偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体 在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加 利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。 8. Such variations in size， shape，chemistry， conduction speed， excitatio n threshold，and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained n egligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.？？
9. Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly dispr oved，the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view，na mely，that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are tra nsmitted as \ts revealed slight variations in the size，number， arrangement，and inte rconnection of the nerve cells，but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned，the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other s
eemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences. Although some
experiments show that，as an object becomes familiar，its internal represe ntation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly m ore parallel，the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis ， at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.
虽然某些实验表明，随着一个物体变得熟悉起来，其内心再现图像亦更具整体感，辨认 过程相应地更趋于平行，但证据的砝码似乎在支持序列假设（serial hypothesis），至 少是对于那些不甚简单、不甚熟悉的物体来说。
10. In large part as a consequence of the feminist movement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accur ately the status of women in various periods.
在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动（feminist movement）的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了 大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。
11. Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn tha t the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct
description of this atom，but only an approximation to a somewhat more corre ct equation taking account of spin，magnetic dipole，and relativistic effect s；and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximati on to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔（Sc hrodinger）的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近 似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑 在内的方程式；而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋 近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。
12. The physicist rightly dreads precise argument，since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on
which it is based are slightly changed，whereas an argument that is convinci ng though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its unde
rlying assumptions.
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理，因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条件下 才令人置信的论据，一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化，便会失去它一部的作用；而 与此相反，一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据，在其基本假设（underlying a ssumption）稍微受干扰的情况下，仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
13. However，as they gained cohesion，the Bluestockings came to regard themse lves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres，who remained isolated from one another by the primacy e ach held in her own salon.
起初，蓝袜女们确实模仿了法国沙龙女主人，将男性襄括到其小圈子中来。然则，随着 她们获得的凝聚力，她们渐趋将自己视作一女性团体，并拥有了一种妇女团结意识，而 这种意识在法国沙龙女主人身上则荡然无存，因为她们每个人在其自己的沙龙中自视甚 高而彼此孤立隔绝开来。
14. As my own studies have advanced，I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and l ess so with the structural differences that seem，at first glance，to consti tute such an immense gulf between them.
随着我的研究不断深入，我对昆虫和脊椎动物群落之间的功能类似性印象愈来愈深刻， 而对结构上的差异印象愈发淡漠，虽然这些结构上的差异初看上去似乎构成了二者间一 条无法愈越的鸿沟。
15. Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its aut hors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talkin g about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.
虽然小说无疑起源于政治情状，但其作者则是以非意识形态的方式对这些政治情状作出 反应的，而将小说和故事主要地当作意识形态的工具来探讨，会在相当程度上阻碍小说 事业。
16. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge， a different kind of aesthetic？
这究竟是一种缺陷呢，或者是否表明，这些作者是在按照一种与众不同的美学体系进行 创作，抑或是在试图创立一种与众不同的美学体系？
17. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex- Colored Man.
《黑人小说》考察了极为广泛的一系列小说，在此过程中让我们注意到了某些引人入胜 但却鲜为人知的作品，如詹姆斯。韦尔登。约翰逊（James Weldon Johnson）的《一个 曾经是有色人的自传》（Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man）。
18. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths， where m ost of the energy of sunlight is concentrated，to pass through，they absorb some of the longer-wavelength， infrared emissions radiated from the Eart h’s surface，radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space .
虽然这些分子允许可见波长（visible wavelength）的辐射——阳光的绝大部分能量就 汇集于此——不受阻挡地穿透，但它们却会吸收某些较长波长（longer-wavelength），
亦即从地球表面辐射出的红外发射（infrared cmission），这种辐射若不是二氧化碳的 缘故就会被重新输送回太空。
19.The role those anthropologists ascribe to evolution is not of dictating
the details of human behavior but one of imposing constraints—ways of fee
ling，thinking，and acting that \in any culture.
这些人类学家所归诸于生物进化的作用，不是规定人类行为的种种细节，而是将各种限 制强加于人类——即在任何文化的典型情景中都会“自然表露”的情感、思维、以及行 动方式。
20.A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers s uggested，but did not prove， that the grazers had removed most of the alga e.
在存在大量食草动物的同时却只有少量的水藻花粉囊，这暗示出——但没能证明——食 草动物已吞噬了大部分水藻。
21.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community graz-ing rates b y measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laborat ory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using t he known population density of grazers.
由哈格雷夫（Hargrave）和吉恩（Geen）所进行的研究，对自然条件下的群落食草比例 进行了估计，其手段是通过测量出实验室内单独的浮游动物种类的结食比例，然后利用 已知的食草动物种群密度，计算出实地状况下的群落食草比例。
22.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance，that is，in the late sprin
g and in the summer， Haney recorded maximum daily com-munity grazing rat es，for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes，respectively，of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.
在浮游动物数量激增的高峰期，亦即在春季后期以及夏季，哈尼记录了最大程度上的每 日群落食草比率，对于营养物不充足的湖和沼泽湖而言，分别为每日浮游植物繁殖量的 6.6%和114%.
23.The hydrologic cycle，a major topic in this science，is the complete cycl
e of phenomena through which water passes，beginning as atmospheric water va por，passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation，thence along and i nto the ground surface，and finally again returning to the form of atmospher ic water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration. 水文循环（hydrologic cycle），作为该学科中的一个主要课题，指的是水所经过的诸
现象的整个循环过程，开始时是作为大气中的水蒸气，转而作为雨、雪、露、雹一类的 降水量经过液体和固体形态，由此而沿着地层表面分布或进入地层表面，最终通过蒸发 和散发作用再度回复到大气水蒸气的形态。
24.The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since abo ut 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier—— that is，the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion o f the American farming system.
史学家弗雷德里克.杰.特纳（Frederick J.Turner）于十九世纪九十年代著述道，美国
约自18世纪70年代以来一直在持续不断发展的农民不满，由于国内边远地区（internal
frontier）的封闭而更趋加剧——亦即是说，美国农业系统进一步扩展所必需的可资利 用的新土地几近耗竭。
25.In the early 1950’s，historians who studied preindustrial Europe （which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800） bega n， for the first time in large numbers，to investigate more of the prein dustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the polit ical and social elite：the kings，generals，judges，nobles，bishops，and lo cal magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.
二十世纪五十年代早期，研究前工业化时代欧洲（此处我们可将其界定为约自1300年至 1800年这一时期的欧洲）的史学家，首次以众多的人数，开始调查前工业化时代欧洲人 口中的大多数，而非那些构成了政治与社会精英阶层的百分之二或三的人口，即国王、 将军、法官、贵族、主教、以及地方上的达官显贵，而正是这部分人一直到那时为止普 遍充斥于史学著作。