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As mentioned above, shaping operations involve combinations of fluid flow and heat transfer, with phase change, of a visco-elastic polymer melt.
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Both steady and unsteady state processes are encountered. A scientific analysis of operations of this type requires solving the relevant equations of continuity, motion, and energy (i.e. conservation equations).
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Optical characteristics are determined by structure within the polymer which has dimensions approximately equal to the wavelength of visible light, and by defect on surface.
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UNIT 24 Mechanical Properties of Polymers
The mechanical properties of polymers are of interest in all applications where polymers are used as structural materials. Mechanical behavior involves the deformation of a material under the influence of applied forces.
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The most important and most characteristic mechanical properties are called moduli. A modulus is the ratio between the applied stress and the corresponding deformation. ×îÖØÒªºÍ×î¾ßÌØÕ÷µÄ»úеÐÔÄܱ»³ÆÎªÄ£Á¿¡£Ä£Á¿ÊÇÊ©¼ÓÓ¦Á¦ºÍÏàÓ¦ÐαäµÄ±ÈÀý¡£ The reciprocals of the moduli are called compliances. The nature of the modulus depends on the na-ture of the deformation.
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The three most important elementary modes of deformation and the moduli(and compliances) derived from them are given in Table 22. 1£¬where the definitions of the elastic parameters are also given.
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Other very important, but more complicated, deformations are bending and torsion. From the bending or flexural deformation the tensile modulus can be derived. The torsion is determined by the rigidity.
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Cross-linked elastomers are a special case. Due to the cross-links this polymer class shows hardly any flow behavior.
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The kinetic theory of rubber elasticity was developed by Kuhn , Guth, James, Mark, Flory, Gee and Treloar. It leads, for Young's modulus at low strains, to the following equation s
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The paragraphs above dealt with purely elastic deformations, i. e. deformations in which the strain was assumed to be a time-independent function of the stress. In reality, materials are never purely elastic: under certain circumstances they have nonelastic properties.
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This is especially true of polymers, which may show nonelastic deformation under circumstances in which metals may be regarded as purely elastic. Õâ¶ÔÓÚ¾ÛºÏÎïÀ´ËµÓÈÆäÈç´Ë£®ÔÚ½ðÊô±»ÈÏΪ´¿µ¯ÐÔµÄÇé¿öϾۺÏÎï¿ÉÄܱíÏÖ³ö·Çµ¯ÐÔ±äÐΡ£
It is customary to use the expression viscoelastic deformations that are not purely elastic.
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Literally the term viscoelastic means the combinations of viscous and elastic properties. As the stress-strain relationship in viscous deformations is time-dependent, viscoelastic phenomena always involve the change of properties with time.
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Measurement of the response in deformation of a viscoelastic material to periodic forces, for instance during forced vjbration, shows that stress and strain are not in phase; the strain lags behind the stress by a phase angle ¦Ä, the loss angle.
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So the moduli of the materials£¬the complex moduli, include the storage moduli which determine the amount of recoverable energy stored as elastic energy, and the loss moduli which determine the dissipation of energy as heat when the material is deformed.
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