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常用修辞手法： 1. 比喻

比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻：

明喻 (simile)： 用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如：

O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 暗喻 (metaphor)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如：

He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 2. 换喻(metonymy)

用一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。如the White House 代美国政府或总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol。

His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。

The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。

He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。 3. 提喻 (synecdoche)

指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如：

He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。

The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。

Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人 (personification)

把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。

This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。

The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。

5. 委婉 (euphemism)

用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如：

用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代 to die

用senior citizens代替old people

用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil 用weight watcher代替 fat people 6. 双关 (pun)

用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如： A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器)

一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。

“Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer.

“Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？

Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。 7. 反语 (irony)

使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。

8. 头韵 (alliteration)

两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如： proud as a peacock blind as a bat safe and sound

Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。 The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。 The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。 9. 突降 (anti-climax)

根据事物的逻辑关系，由大到小，由重到轻，由深到浅，由高到低，由多到少依地进行描述或论述。这种结构可以使人们原来的期待心理被打破，从而产生幽默效果，或者发人深省。例如：

Alas！Alas！What shall I do? I've lost my wife and best hat, too!哎呀哎呀！我怎么办呢？我失去了妻子，又丢了最好的帽子！

The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.士兵的职责是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮 Lesson1

Onomatopoeia: words imitating the sounds associated with the thing concerned creak: (to make) the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens When you move in a wooden bed, it creaks.

The hinge of the door needs oiling, it creaks every time it is opened. Personification:

a figure that endows objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions with human form, character, or sensibility,

The Middle Easter bazaar takes you... Hyperbole:

a device of comparison using exaggeration or obvious overstatement for comic or dramatic effect.

takes you ...hundreds even thousands of years Lesson 2 Contrast:

Description of the scenery and of his own emotion Irony:

A figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the opposite of the meaning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm. e.g. Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan

Anti-Climax: the sudden appearance of an absurd or trivial idea following a serious significant ideas and suspensions. This device is usu. aimed at creating comic or humorous effects.

e.g.a town known throughout the world for its---oysters

The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes Alliteration:

It refers to the repetition of an initial sound that is usu. a consonant in two or more neighboring words. e.g. slip to a stop tested and treated

Rhetorical Question:

a question that needs no answer, but used for emphasis Was I not at the scene of the crime?

Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or in-offensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant

e.g.: He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses. Metonymy

e.g. ...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt Lesson 4 Parallelism:

chin on chest, eyes on ground, feet in shuffle Lesson 5

Metaphor: a comparison between two unlike things, but the comparison is implied rather than stated. Contrary to a simile in which the resemblance between two unlike things is clearly stated, in a metaphor nothing is mentioned.

The essential form of a metaphor is X is Y, and all forms of metaphor can be condensed into this form. Repetition:

e.g.We have but one aim and one single purpose nothing will turn us---nothing

We will never parley, we will never negotiate... This is our policy and this is our declaration Periodic sentences:（圆周句）

When I awoke on...invasion of Russia.

If Hitler imagines that... woefully mistaken. Lesson 8 Metaphor

Mark Twain --- Mirror of America