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人，如数学，生物学和伦理学。He believed all people's concepts and all their knowledge were ultimately based on perception. 他相信人所有的观念和所有的知识在根本上都是基于感知能力。His views on natural sciences laid the groundwork for many of his works.他对自然科学的看法构成了他许多作品的基础。 He

contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in his era.他几乎对他所处时期的每一个人类知识领域都作出了贡献。 His works contain the earliest known formal study of logic, and even today all aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the important subject of academic study. 他的作品包含了人们所知的最早的关于逻辑的正式研究，即使在今天，亚里士多德哲学所涵盖的方方面面仍是学术研究的重要课题。His philosophy had a long-lasting influence on the development of all Western philosophical theories. 他的哲学对所有的西方哲学理论的发展有着经久不衰的影响。More than 2,300 years after his death, Aristotle remains one of the most influential philosophers and scientists. 在去世2,300多年后，亚里士多德仍是最有影响力的哲学家和科学家之一。 UNIT 2

William Shakespeare is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent (杰出的) dramatist.人们普遍认为，威廉?莎士比亚是最伟大的英语作家和世界杰出的戏剧家。 His plays have been translated into a vast number of languages and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.他的剧本被译成多种语言，并且比其他任何剧作家的作品都上演得多。 Shakespeare's early works were mostly comedies and histories,莎士比亚的早期作品大多是喜剧和历史剧。 which have the reputation of being among the finest masterpieces produced in these genres (体裁) even today.即使在今天，这些作品仍是同类作品中的杰作，享有绝佳声望。 Later on, Shakespeare wrote mainly tragedies, some of which, like Hamlet and King Lear, earned him fame in the entire Western literature.后来莎士比亚的创作主要是悲剧，其中一些作品，如《哈姆雷特》和《李尔王》，为其在整个西方文学界赢得了声誉。 The most striking features of Shakespeare are his brilliant use of language and his universal themes.莎士比亚最显著的特点是其精彩的语言运用及具有普遍意义的主题。 He contributed thousands of words to English, many of which have become embedded in the language.他创造了数千个英语词汇，其中许多已经深植于英语中。 His themes are so universal that they transcend generations to stir the imaginations of readers and audiences worldwide.他的作品主题具有普遍意义，所以能够数代流传，激发世界各地读者和观众的想象力。 Shakespeare has influenced and inspired many writers over the centuries. 数世纪以来，莎士比亚影响和激励了许多作家。His writings remain highly popular today, and they are constantly studied, performed, and

reinterpreted in diverse cultures throughout the world.其作品至今依旧广受欢迎，在世界各地的文化中被不断地研究、上演和诠释。 Shakespeare will continue to have an enormous impact on future playwrights, novelists, poets, actors, and

scholars.莎士比亚将继续对未来的剧作家、小说家、诗人、演员和学者产生巨大影响。 UNIT 3

With the development of computer science and the Internet technology, social

networking services (SNS) have come to be a widely popular platform to build social

networks or social relations among people in recent years.近年来，随着计算机科学和互联网技术的发展，社交网络服务（SNS）已经成为人们构建社交网络和社会关系的一个广受欢迎的平台。 SNS are web-based services that allow individuals to create a public profile, create a list of users with whom to share connection, and view and cross the connections within the system.SNS是基于网页的服务，允许个人创建面向公众的个人简介，创建用户名单以分享社会联系，并对系统内的关系网进行浏览和交叉连接。 Social networking sites are varied and they incorporate new information and communication tools, allowing users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, interests with people in their network.社交网站多种多样，可整合各种新的信息及通讯工具，并允许用户跟网络中的其他人分享观点、图片、帖子、活动、事件以及兴趣爱好等。 SNS have affected the social life and activity of people in various ways.SNS已通过各种方式影响到人们的社会生活以及社交活动。 With its availability on many mobile devices, a social networking service allows the users to continuously stay in touch with friends, relatives and other

acquaintances wherever they are in the world, as long as there is access to the

Internet.随着各种移动设备对SNS访问的实现，只要能连接上互联网，用户在世界上的任何地方都能一直与朋友、亲戚及其他认识的人保持联络。 A social networking service can also unite people with common interests and beliefs through groups and other pages, and has been known to reunite lost family members and friends because of the widespread reach of its network. SNS还可让拥有相同兴趣和信念的人通过群组或其他页面建立联系，同时，由于其网络分布广阔，还能让失散的家庭成员或朋友重新团聚，这点早已为人所知。 UNIT 4

Baroque architecture is a building style that flourished in Europe between the late 16th and mid-18th century.巴洛克建筑是一种建筑风格，兴盛于16世纪晚期至18世纪中期的欧洲。 It evolved out of Renaissance architecture in Italy, when the Renaissance architects began to get bored of the symmetry (对称) and same old forms they had been using for the past 200 years, and started to make bold, curving and not at all symmetrical buildings called the Baroque buildings.它由意大利文艺复兴时期的建筑发展而来，当时文艺复兴建筑师开始对过去200多年来一直沿用的对称的、一成不变的旧建筑形式感到厌倦，开始建造醒目的、具有曲线性而非对称的巴洛克建筑。 Baroque-style buildings share some common characteristics.巴洛克风格的建筑有一些共同特征。 Marble, gilt (镀金) and bronze were the materials the Baroque architects used in abundance.大理石、镀金、青铜是巴洛克建筑师大量使用的材料。 Oval was the most distinct and a very common shape incorporated into Baroque architecture.椭圆形是巴洛克建筑最鲜明且十分常见的形状。 Dramatic use of light is important, and is achieved either through strong light-and-shade contrasts or uniform lighting by means of windows.戏剧性的光照运用也是其重要特征，主要是通过强烈的光影对比或由窗户进入的均匀光线来实现。 Opulent use of color and ornaments is prevalent, as can be seen in the

large-scale frescoes (湿壁画) painted on the ceilings.丰富的色彩和装饰运用也很常见，这从天花板上的大幅壁画中可以看出。 There is usually a central projection that is quite large and juts outward, and domes erected in a pear shape are often seen.巴洛克建筑通常正中还有一个相当大并且向外突出的部分，梨形的拱顶也

十分常见。 The most well-known Baroque buildings include the St. Paul's Cathedral in the UK and the Palace of Versailles in France.最著名的巴洛克建筑包括英国的圣保罗大教堂和法国的凡尔赛宫。 Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini were the two main architects of the Baroque era. 杰安?劳伦佐?贝尼尼和弗朗西斯科?博罗米尼是巴洛克时期两位主要的建筑师。 UNIT 5

The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement which brought about a period of scientific revolution and artistic transformation at the dawn of modern European history.文艺复兴是一场影响巨大的文化运动。它在现代欧洲史的开端时期开创了一个科学革命和艺术变革时代。 It began in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe, immediately following the Middle Ages and spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century.它始于意大利，之后蔓延到欧洲其他国家。它紧接在中世纪之后，贯穿14至17世纪。 The Renaissance was characterized by a revival of interest in classical learning, wisdom and values from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras.文艺复兴时期的特点是，人们对古希腊和古罗马时期的古典知识、智慧和价值观重新焕发了兴趣。 Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study and searched for realism and human emotion in art.文艺复兴时期的学者在学术中采用人文方法，在艺术上追寻现实主义和人类情感。 Scientists no longer accepted the teachings of the Church at face value.科学家们不再一味地接受教堂传播的说教。 Instead, they studied the natural world through their own observation and experimentation.相反，他们通过观察和实验来研究自然世界。 Likewise, artists developed new techniques and achieved more advanced effects by applying

mathematics and optics (光学) to paintings, sculpture and other art forms.同样，艺术家们将数学和光学运用到绘画、雕塑及其他艺术形式中，从而发展出新技术，并取得了更高水平的艺术效果。 The Renaissance profoundly changed the

European intellectual life in the early modern period.文艺复兴深刻地改变了现代早期的欧洲知识界。 Through the rediscovery of ancient texts, it triggered both a rebirth of classical learning and a rebirth of European culture in general.它通过对古代文献的重新发现，触发了古典知识和整个欧洲文化的重生。Its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, and many other fields.文学、哲学、艺术、政治、科学及其他许多领域都能感受到它的影响。

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