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thought processes and communication techniques.

If you are selecting an interpreter, you should look for the following qualities or qualifications. The first is compatibility, second is ethnic compatibility ,third is knowledge of dialect , specialized knowledge

women are primarily concerned with personal relationships when they communication ,but men are concerned only with getting the job done .Whereas women wish to include everyone ,men seek to establish their own status .Women’s concrete terminology often clashes with the abstract nature of men’s verbiage. Whereas women may engage in tentative speech ,men’s speech is characteristically assertive. Women’s communication is decidedly responsive ,while men’s communication is distinctly unresponsive. Women’s and men’s speech create the potential for misunderstanding and conflict between women and men

Language Diversity in the United States ? L D has become a prominent issue in the US

?People living within the same geographical boundaries can also use language in ways that differ from the dominant culture.

? Argot is a private vocabulary that members of a co-culture share. ? Examining argot helps gain insight into a co-culture and its social realities.

Activities

Ask an informant whose language is not English for examples of expressions from his or her native language that are difficult to translate into English. Idioms are the most likely category in which to find examples. Try to determine why the difficulty exists. What cultural values might these expressions represent?

Discussion

What problems are associated with language diversity in a country 教学时数： 2学时

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Chapter Six Nonverbal communication: The Messages of Action, Space, Time, and Silence

教学要点：

The importance of nonverbal communication

? We make important judgments and decisions about others based on their behavior.

? We use actions of others to learn about their emotional states.

Defining nonverbal communication

? Nonverbal communication involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source of his or her environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver.

? Nonverbal messages may be both intentional and unintentional.

Functions of nonverbal communication

? Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, complement, substitute for a verbal action, regulate, and contradict a communication event.

Nonverbal communication: guidelines and Limitations

? It is important to remember that we are more than our culture. ? In nonverbal communication, we often make differences more important than they should be.

? Nonverbal action seldom occur in isolation.

Nonverbal communication and culture

? Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation and both involve shared understandings.

? Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlying attitudes and values.

? Studying nonverbal behavior can also assist us in isolating our own ethnocentrism.

Body behavior

? Nonverbal messages are communicated by means of body movements(kinesics and posture), dress, facial expressions, eye contact, touch, smell, and paralanguage.

Space and distance

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? Cultures differ in their perception and use of personal space, seating, and furniture arrangement.

Time

? We can understand a culture’s sense of time by learning about how members of that culture view informal time.

? Attitudes towards time also appear in the ways people conceive of the past, present, and future.

? Cultural orientations towards time can be classified as monochromic or polychromic.

Silence

? The use of silence varies from culture to culture.

? Generally, Eastern culture value silence more that the use of words: in western cultures, the opposite is true.

Activities

? In small groups, read the following paragraph and explain what went wrong.

Jan was in Brazil on business, Ciro, a Brazilian associate, invited her to a dinner party he and his wife were giving. The invitation was for “around 8, this Friday night.”Jan arrived at Ciro’s house at exactly 8:00. Ciro and his wife were still dressing and had not even begun to prepare the food.

Discussion ideas

? In what situation might you need to interpret the nonverbal behavior of someone from another culture? What problems could arise from not understanding differences in nonverbal behavior?

教学时数： 2学时

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Chapter Seven: Cultural Influences on Context: The business settings:

教学要点：

Context and communication

? Culturally derived rules specify how communication is to take place by prescribing the appropriate behaviors in given contexts.

The International business Context

? Most nations and many multinational business organizations have international facilities and do business on a global basis.

? The most successful companies will be those who have the ability to communicate effectively with their international counterparts

? The concept of management can be viewed differently from culture to culture.

Business Protocol

? The procedures for seeking business appointments, the ways in which people greet one another , and the gift giving practices differ from one culture to another.

Negotiation

? Strategies for negotiation differ from culture to culture.

? There are many different kinds of truth in the world, and the source of “truth” for a culture can influence business transactions.

? Trust, on a global scale, should be factored into cross cultural business issues.

? People need to be cognizant of the roles and values placed on women in the cultures in which they will be doing business.

The Domestic Business Context

? The American workforce is undergoing rapid cultural changes. ? Major forces behind marketing as we approach the twenty-first century are diversity and culture.

?Cultures differ in their value orientations, and these differences cause conflict in the workplace.

? Issues such as religions, practices, human rights, language diversity, sexual harassment, and sexual and racial discrimination present potential areas of conflict in the workplace.

Activities:

? In small groups, discuss the various negotiation strategies used by different countries you know.

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Discussion:

? Discuss how effective intercultural communication is crucial for cross-cultural business success.

教学时数： 2学时

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