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华中师范大学网络教育学院

《语用与交际》练习测试题库及答案 本科

I. Answer the following questions in your own words （每题2分）

1. What is the function of context in understanding utterances?

The function of context in understanding utterances is to help listeners to narrow down their choices in understanding the meaning of utterances.

2. What is the relationship between deixis and context? A very close relationship exists between deixis and context. 3. What is the gestural use of place deixis?

If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use.

4. How does conversational implicature explain language in terms of meaning? It explains language from functional, communicative and contextual aspects. 5. How many maxims are there in co-operative principle? And what are they? Four. They are quality maxim, quantity maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim. 6. Who invented the term “Pragmatics”? Charles Morris, an American philosopher

7. What are the three sub-branches of semiotics? They are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics

8. What is Carnap?s understanding of “Pragmatics”?

Basically Carnap understands Pragmatics as what Morris has pointed out, but specifically speaking, Carnap thinks that Pragmatics should study indexicals in language. 9. What is the advantage of studying Pragmatics?

One advantage of studying language through pragmatics is that we can talk about people?s intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and all kinds of actions (for example, requests) that they are performing when they speak.

10. Is grammatical mistake equal to Pragmatic failure? Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.

11. Why pragmatists study motion verb under place deixis? Because motion verbs contain a kind of built-in direction

12. Why don?t people say what they mean in communication?

Because they want to be co-operative, polite and save their own and other?s face. 13. What does CP stand for in Pragmatics? In Pragmatics, CP stands for co-operative principle.

14. What is positive face?

Positive face is the need to be liked by others, or the need to be accepted and treated as social equals.

15. What is on record?

On record is a technical term, referring to utterances not directly addressed to others. 16. What is the disadvantage of studying Pragmatics?

One big disadvantage of pragmatic study is that all these concepts related to human beings are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way. 17. Is semantic mistake equal to Pragmatic failure? No. Semantic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure.

18. What are the possible interpretations of the phrase “Jane?s car”?

Possible interpretations are the car owned by Jane, the car kept by Jane, the car rented by Jane etc. 19. Is time part of context? Yes. Time is part of context

20. What is the general role of personal deixis in communication? Its role is to indicate who participates in communication 21. Is grammatical mistake equal to Pragmatic failure? Pragmatic mistake is not equal to Pragmatic failure

22. What is the role of context in understanding utterances?

The role of context in understanding utterances is to help listeners to narrow down their choices in understanding.

23. What kind of relationship exists between deixis and context? A very close relationship exists between deixis and context. 24. How do you understand gestural use of place deixis?

If the understanding of a place deixis must rely on gestures, then it is the gestural use 25. How does conversational implicature explain language in terms of meaning? It explains language from functional, communicative and contextual aspects.

II. Explain the following terms briefly. (每题4分)

1. inference

2. linguistic context 3. Pragmatics 4. appropriacy

5. indirect meaning 6. politeness 7. face wants

8. non-linguistic context 9. deixis

10. conversational implicature 11. context

12. co-operative principle 13. presupposition

14. calendric use of time deixis 答案：

1. Inference means that we often infer or make guesses as to what the speaker intends to mean when he

says something?

2. It refers to the language that surrounds or accompanies a piece of utterance or discourse under analysis. 3. Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of

our choice on others.

4. Appropriacy means that people should say the right thing to the right person with the right manner at

the right place and in the right situation.

5. Indirect meaning is the meaning that people intend to convey. It is also termed as the communicative

meaning or contextual meaning.

6. Politeness is showing awareness of other?s public self-image. Usually politeness can be understood as

various means that people use in either situations of social closeness or situations of social distance. 7. Face wants refer to one?s face expectations. Normally people expect that others will respect their face in

communication.

8. Non-linguistic context refers to the type of communicative event (for example, joke, story, lecture,

greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relationships between them; the background knowledge etc.

9. Deixis is a group of words indicating person, time, place, etc. It is originated from a Greek verb,

meaning “point”, “show” and “indicate” in English.

10．Conversational implicature is the meaning implied in a conversation. Usually it indicates the speaker?s

communicative purpose.

11. Context can be subdivided into linguistic context and non-linguistic context. The former refers to the language that surrounds or accompanies a piece of utterance or discourse under analysis, it refers to the linguistic elements that are around an utterance. The latter includes: the type of communicative event (for example, joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation); the topic; the purpose of the event; the setting including location of day, time and physical aspects of the situation; the participants and the relationships between them; the background knowledge etc.

12. Traditionally, people date the invention of the co-operative principle back to the work of the American philosopher named H. Paul Grice. The principle includes: The Maxim of Quality

try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically: a) do not say what you believe to be false

b) do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence The Maxim of Quantity

a) make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange b) do not make your contribution more informative than required The Maxim of Relevance

make your contributions relevant The Maxim of Manner

be perspicuous, and specifically a) avoid obscurity b) avoid ambiguity c) be brief d) be orderly

In short, these maxims specify what participants have to do in order to conduct communication in a maximally efficient, rational, co-operative way. To do so, they should speak sincerely, relevantly and clearly, while providing sufficient information.

13. By presupposition, we refer to a meaning taken as given which does not therefore need to be asserted. It has been variously defined as “semantic presupposition” (non-defeasible, contributes to the truth-conditional meaning of the sentence), and “pragmatic presupposition” (cancellable while inconsistent with speaker/hearer knowledge about the world). Pragmatic Presupposition can be understood as another type of pragmatic inference。 14. Generally speaking, most languages have a basic system of reckoning and measuring time through natural cycles of day and night, lunar months, seasons and years. This is the calendric use of time units. Such time units can be used calendrically to locate events in ?absolute? time relative to ?absolute? time origin. For such calendric time units, there are fixed beginning and ending. For example, a calendar year is made up by calendar months

from January, February, March, April, May … to December while a calendar month, March, for example, consists of calendar days like March 1, March 2, 3 until the last day of that month. For a calendar year, the beginning is always fixed on January and the ending on December. And for a calendar month, the beginning is always the first day of that month while the ending is always the last day of that month.

III.

A．Identify the symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic uses of the second personal pronoun ?you? in the

following three cases. (每题2分)

1. You never know whether to read every chapter or skip one or two. 2. I know you will all enjoy reading this chapter. 3. You have to read it and you have to read it and you have to read it.

1、Non-deictic 2. Symbolic 3. Gestural

B．Please identify the symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic uses of the time deixis “now” in the

following three cases. (每题2分)

1. I know more about Pragmatics now than before. 2. Now that wasn?t very nice.

3. Are you ready? Wait for it! Wait for it! NOW (Here the speaker is using a rising-falling intonation to show stress.)

1、symbolic 2. non-deictic 3. gestural

C．Please identify the symbolic, gestural, and non-deictic uses of the demonstrative pronoun “this”

in the following three cases. (每题2分)

1. I bet you weren?t expecting this example. 2. And then this strange guy walks in and vomits. 3. Which finger did he bite?/ This little finger on the right? 1. symbolic 2. non-deictic 3. gestural

IV. Do the following exchanges violate any maxims under the co-operative principle? If ?yes?, point

out which maxim is being flouted. (每题2分) 1. Johnny: Hey Sally let?s play marbles.

Mum: How is your homework getting along Johnny? Yes. It violated the maxim of relation.

2. A: I hope you bought bread and cheese.

B: Ah, I bought the bread.

Yes. It violated the maxim of quantity.

3. A: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?

B: Let?s go and get some tea.

Yes. It violated the maxim of relation.

4. (In a family mealtime conversation, participants talk about field hockey and how ?Mum? has

allegedly been active in this sport for a very long time, ?Dad? sees fit to offer some ironic comments on Mum?s sportive achievements.)

Mum: I used to spend a lot of time playing field hockey, good sport. Dad: Yeah, Mummy was probably playing field hockey when Herbert Hoover took office. Mum: Yeah

Dad: Woodrow Wilson and Teddy Roosevelt. Mum: Mhm

Dad: George Washington Child: Abraham Lincoln Dad: Aristotle and … Child: Thomas Jefferson

Mum: Yeah,…even when they bombed Pearl Harbour I was. Yes. It violated the maxim of quality

5. Mum: Which H-O-S-P-I-T-A-L shall we take Jimmy to?

Dad The nearest one.

Yes. It violated the maxim of manner.

6. A: Where is Bill?

B: There?s a yellow car outside Sue?s house. Yes. It violated the maxim of relation

7. (Below is a conversation between a couple after the husband comes back from the supermarket.)

Wife: I hope you bought bread and cheese. Husband: Ah, I bought the bread. Yes. It violated the maxim of quantity

8. (Mary and Tina are two good friends. One day Mary went to see Tina in her office and noticed the Tina

was very busy with piles of work on her table.) Mary: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy? Tina: Let?s go and get some tea. Yes. It violated the maxim of relation

9. (Here is a conversation between a British and a non-British in 1960s. The British seems to worry about

the current situation of the Gulf.) British: What if USSR blocks the Gulf and all the oil? Non-British: Oh, come now. Britain rules the seas. Yes. It violated the maxim of quality

10. (Harry committed a social offence and had been brought to trial. His friend, Tom, asked Jack about the

outcome of the trial.)

Tom: How did Harry fare in court the other day? Jack: Oh, he got a fine.

No. It didn?t violate any maxim.

11. John is a fish.

Yes. It violated the maxim of quality

12. A: Where is my box of chocolates?

B: The children were in your room this morning.

Yes. It violated the maxim of relevance

13. A: We shall all miss Bill and Mary.

B: We shall all miss Bill.