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动词时态语态

汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中常考的或较常用的有10种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。

1、一般现在时；主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often,

always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理；按照计划安排好了将要发生的动作（一般指时刻表）等。

He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun.

Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

考点四：在the more… the more … (越……越……) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句用一般现在时。 The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、现在进行时

表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。 We are having English class.

The house is being built these days.

The little boy is always making trouble.

考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Marry is leaving on Friday.

3、现在完成时

表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：

（1）非延续动作：动作发生在过去，对现在有影响。（2）延续性动作：动作和状态的持续。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：

考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点

They have lived in Beijing for five years. They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days,

Has it stopped raining yet ?

考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。

in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。

This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written.

4．一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：

考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.

He has got used to getting up early.

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise

5. 过去进行时

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work. What were you doing at nine last night?

6. 过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000. By the end of last term we had finished the book. They finished earlier than we had expected.

也可表示截止过去的某个时间动作的完成,一般有by+表示过去的时间 We had finished the project by the end of last month.

考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. It was 3 years since we had parted。

考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

7. 一般将来时

表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.

考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）

考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.

考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。

“am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。They are to be married in this May.

8、将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。

I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.

9、将来完成时

表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。

The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 10.现在完成进行时态

一个动作始于过去并持续到现在，并强调现在还在进行，也有可能还会持续下去。

She has been reading the novel since 9 am. (She has read the novel before.)

10. 动词的语态

动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation.

考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。

lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。

The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，

而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was said…

Attention

做题时，语境中的时态和语态具有灵活多变的特点，因此找出隐含于上下文中的时间信息，正确认定动作行为所发生的时间是解题的关键。做动词时态和语态填空题时，常常按以下几个步骤：(1)注意题干所提供的信息，如语境、情景以及说话人的情感;(2)根据句中的时间状语以及一些副词判断时态;(3)考虑语态;(4)考虑时态的一致性。另外，复习时，还要涉及到短暂性动词与延续性动词，这两个概念一定要搞清。