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privacy policy． He also urged the Commission to set regulations for social﹣networking sites．

I suspect that whatever Facebook has done （8） （invade） our privacy is only the beginning， which is why I'm considering （9） （cancel） my account． Facebook is a handy site， but I'm upset by the idea that （30） information is in the hands of people I don't trust． That is too high a price to pay．

Section BDirections： Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. 15．（10分）

A． combining；B． analyzed；C． concern； D． tremendously；E． effective；F． applied； G． actually；H． common；I． limited； J． assessing；K． test Getting help with parenting makes a difference ﹣﹣ at any age

New Oxford University study finds that parenting interventions（育儿干预）for helping children with behavior problems are just as effective in school age， as in younger children．

There is a dominant view among scientists and policy﹣makers． They believes， for the greatest effect， interventions need to be （1） early in life， when children's brain function and behavior are thought to be more flexible． However， according to the new research， it's time to stop focusing on when we intervene with parenting， and just continue helping children in need of all ages．

Just published in Child Development， the study is one of the first to （2） this age assumption． Parenting interventions are a common and effective tool for reducing child behavior problems， but studies of age effects have produced different results until now．

A team led by Professor Frances Fardner （3） data from over 15，000families from all over the world， and found no evidence that earlier is

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better． Older children benefited just as much as younger ones from parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems． There was no evidence that earlier interventions are more powerful． This was based on （4） data from more than 150 different experiments．

What's more， their economic analysis found that interventions with older children were（5） more likely to be cost﹣effective．

Professor Gardner commented： \（6） about behavioral difficulties in younger children， our findings should never be used as a reason to delay intervention， otherwise， children and families will suffer for longer．\She continued， \for （7） parenting interventions for reducing behavior problems in childhood， we should stick to the principle， ‘it's never too early， never too late'， rather than ‘earlier is better'．\

The study draws the conclusion that it makes sense to invest in parenting interventions for children at all ages with behavioral difficulties， because they are no more likely to be （8） in younger than older children， at least in the pre﹣adolescents．

Of course， there's more work to be done． The experiments conducted were （9） to pre﹣adolescents， to shorter﹣term effects， and parent﹣reported assessment of child outcomes． Future studies are needed that focus on adolescents， longer﹣term outcomes， and using multiple sources for （10） child behavior problems．

III. Reading ComprehensionSection A （15分）Directions： For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A， B， C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

16．（15分）Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary three that is distinct from the one that led to humans． But they constantly astonish researchers with （1） behavior that seems pretty highly evolved． Their social organization and （2） practices could have been the model for the phrase \．\， and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed

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themselves．

A new study further （3） the marmoset's reputation for admirable community values． Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones（4） than when they're surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members． In complex societies where individuals band together for （5） protection， researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior． But specific acts， like sharing a delicious cricket（蟋蟀）with a begging baby marmoset， seem to need more（6） explanation．

One possibility is that an individual practices （7） as a means of enhancing his status among peers． By （8） that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away， this do﹣gooder enhances his power within the group． That， in turn， may（9） prospective mates． The other explanation for charitable behavior （10） that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership， which offers some future promise of a chance to mate． Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of （11） partners． Scientists call this the \model． Importantly， for both of these models to work， acts of kindness must have a（n）（12） ． That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings； away from judging eyes， a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself． And yet， in 2，581 tests conducted with 31adult and 14baby marmosets， the （13） appeared to be true．

Anthropologists（人类学家）from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often ，in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd， an adult would share his or her cricket． When alone with a baby begging for a taste， adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time． When in a group， caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time． \results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or（14） avoidance，\the study author reported． \， it is driven by a deep﹣down motivation to help that is more（15） expressed when individuals

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are alone with young．\

（1）A． animal （2）A． evolving （3）A． shines （4）A． at play （5）A． adequate （6）A． creative （7）A． generosity （8）A． promising （9）A． count on （10）A． assumes （11）A． regular （12）A． atmosphere （13）A． statistics

B． careful

C． social

D． individual D． parenting D． protects

B． communicating C． organizing B． damages B． in private B． effective B． complex B． wisdom

C． affects

C． on schedule D． by accident C． continual C． specific

D． mutual D． official

C． independence D． governance

D． explaining D． benefit from D． concludes D． previous D． judge D． opposite

B． demonstrating C． pretending B． go after B． confirms B． dominant B． audience

C． appeal to C． enhances C． potential C． feedback

B． expectations C． argument

（14）A． responsibility B． punishment （15）A． strongly

B． casually

C． arrangement D． difficulty C． delicately

D． fearlessly

Section B （22分）Directions： Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A， B， C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.

17．（8分）One day a little boy， annoyed by his father's decision for him to become a grocer， decides that he will never grow up． Grocery is a dull job and staying a child is his protest against it． This strange little boy﹣man， never separated from a tin drum he is always banging， is our hero of the table． It covers three crucial decades of 20th century history． Little Oscar Matzerath will experience love， war and imprisonment in a story that paints an unforgettable picture of Central Europe between 1923 and 1954．

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