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at using energy and exploiting the environment that we are now a defining force in the geological process on the surface of the Earth，\said co﹣author Jan Zala， a geologist with the University of Leicester in the UK． Even so， it could take years or even decades for the International Union of Geological Science to formalize the new age．

If the concept of the Anthropocene age is to be formalized ， scientists will first have to identify and define a boundary line ，or marker， that's set in stone． \﹣thousands of years in the future﹣﹣﹣geologist might come back and actually recognize in the deposit in the UK．\It's not as straightforward as you might think． The market has to be very precise， and it has to be recognized in many different parts of the world，\said Haywood， who wasn't involved in the new study．

One candidate for the market is the distinctive radioactive signature left by atom bomb tests， which began in 1945． \（沉降 ） is basically across the world，\Haywood said． In a similar way， scientists used traces of the element iridium （铱） left by shooting star strikes to help define the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods﹣﹣﹣the time of the great dinosaur extinctions．

The push for a formal declaration of the Anthropocene age is about more than just scientific curiosity． The move the scientists write in the last issue of the journal Environmental Science & Technology， \be used as encouragement to slow carbon emissions and biodiversity（生物多样性）loss\on protection measures\， by underlining how much we're changing the environment， the formalization would be \very powerful statement\．

（1）Which of the following is TRUE about the new paper？ A． It denies the existence of the Holocene age． B． It documents the recent human impacts on earth．

C． It pushes for the formalization of the Anthropocene age． D． It serves as a warning against the current mineral exploitation．

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（2）Haywood's words in paragraph 4indicate that ．

A． the key to formalizing the new age is to find a deposit record set in stone B． the marker has to appear in various places globally to be considered valid C． finding a marker is a straightforward way to define the beginning of an age D． future geologists may find it hard to recognize the markers we choose today （3）What can you infer from the passage？

A． The element iridium may work as a marker for the Anthropocene age． B． The Nobel Prize winner Crutzen invented the name Holocene in 2002． C． The formalization of the new age may send a message for eco﹣protection． D Human activities have resulted from the change of boundaries in rock layers． （4）What is the best title for the passage？ A． Humans Are Destroying the Earth， Geologists Warn B． Too Early to Set Things in Stone， Authorities Say C． More Evidence Is Needed， Universities Require D． A New Earth Age May Begin， Scientists Argue

Section C （8分）Directions： Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. 20．（8分）

A． She is perfectly made for doing what she does， it seems． B． Adventurers are clearly different from the rest of us． C What she did was really beyond our imagination． D． It seems that many adventurers spend their lives trying to live up to the image of a parent． E． And most of us would prefer it to remain that way． F． Many adventurers have amazed the world with their extraordinary skills． Why do some people feel obliged to do the craziest things， while most of us are happy to sit on the sofa and watch their exploits on TV？ Robin Styles ponders（考虑）this question．

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Generally， we love to watch someone's bravery and drama﹣﹣a single person against the wilds of nature， testing their endurance beyond belief． And our pleasure is greater because we live a comfortable and increasingly risk﹣free life， where the greatest test of endurance is getting to work through the rush hour． （1） However， there are countless ways to test the limits of your endurance， if you should wish to do so， by attempting something unpleasant， uncomfortable or just plain dangerous．

American Lynne Cox swims in sub﹣zero temperatures through the planet's most dangerous oceans wearing only a swimsuit﹣﹣for fun! According to Lynne， there is always something driving her on． At age 9， when she was swimming in an outdoor pool one day， a violent storm blew up， but she refused to get out of the pool． Something make her carry on． Then she realized that， as the water got colder and rougher， she was actually getting faster and warmer， and she was really enjoying it． At age 14， she broke her first endurance record． Years later， experts discovered that Lynne has a totally even layer of body fat， like a seal． （2） ．

The famous British explorer， Sir Ranulph Fiennes， has led many major expeditions （远征） in the extreme cold， including walking right round the Arctic Circle． He has also led expeditions in the extreme heat， and discovered the Lost City of Ubar in the Omani desert． （3） Sir Fiennes has said， \I am getting sick， I find a very powerful way of conquering it is to know that my father would have definitely done it．\

（4） There is probably no such thing as a \adventurer． Unsurprisingly， risk﹣takers tend to be single﹣minded and unusually determined people who hate the stability and routine that most people prefer． They tend to take risks for the \． The excitement becomes addictive， and they want more and more of it． Ordinary life seems boring in comparison． IV. Summary Writing

21．（10分）Directions： Read the following passage． Summarize the main idea and

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the main point （s） of the passage in no more than 60 words． Use your own words as far as possible．

Take care of your spine （脊柱）

The spine stands at the center of your health， providing your body with structure and support． It also contains your spinal cord， a massive collection of nerves conveying electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain． Since your spine is so central to your health， it's important to look after it．

Maintaining good posture （姿势） is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy． Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight， except for its natural curves． Posture comes into play even when you're asleep． Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions． Staying still for too long﹣even if your posture is good﹣can be hard on your back． Especially if you work at a desk most of the day， it's important to get up and stretch periodically．

Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine． Stretch can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better arrangement． Strength exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine． However， don't overdo the exercise， as repeated motions can stain the muscles around your spine．

Finally， your diet affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves． In particular， B vitamins and omega﹣3 fatty acids help keep nerves healthy， so you may want to consider taking a supplement． Another important factor is vitamin D， which is essential for strong bones． Vitamin D can come from some foods， but it's also absorbed from sunlight， so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside．

Many of the actions necessary to keep your spine healthy are identical to those used to preserve your health in other ways． So protect our back， and the rest of body will benefit．

V. Translation（15分）Directions： Translate the following sentences into English，

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