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Module 5《Ethnic Culture》 Grammar (动词的过去分词作状语)

过去分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。表示时间、原因、条件、让步的过去分词相当于相对应的状语从句。其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致，过去分词与逻辑主语一般是被动关系。 1. 作时间状语.

When heated, water can be changed into steam.水加热后可以变成蒸汽.

注意:作时间状语时,过去分词如果同时表被动和动作完成,常可换用现在分词的被动完成式;过去分词如果只表被动,不表完成,则不可与现在分词的被动完成式换用.如: Discussed(Having been discussed) many times, the problems were settled at last. 在讨论了多次之后,问题终于解决了. (过去分词既表被动又表完成) Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.

从山上看这个公园非常漂亮. (过去分词只表被动)

相当于when引导的状语从句.如果两个动作同时发生,可在分词前用when, while等使其时间意义更明确 2. 作原因状语:

Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid. (Since/ As she was given by the famous detective...)

有了著名的侦探的指点,姑娘不再害怕了.

Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn't dare to sleep in her room. (Because she was frightened by the noise...)

姑娘被夜里的响声吓坏了,不敢在自己的屋里睡觉了. Done in a hurry, his homework was full of mistakes. 他匆忙做的作业错误百出.

相当于as, since, because引导的从句,这类状语多放在句子前半部分. 3.作条件和假设状语.

Given more attention(If they had been given more attention), the cabbages could have grown better.

如果再精心一些,这些大白菜还可以长得更好. Compared with you, we still have a long way to go. 和你相比,我们还有很大的差距. 相当于if, unless引导的从句. 4. 作让步状语：

Beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.

(Though they were beaten by the opposite team, the players were not discouraged.) 相当于though, although引导的从句 5.作方式或伴随情况状语.

The hunter left his house , followed by his dog. 猎人离开了屋子,后面跟着他的狗. She sat by the window, lost in thought. 她坐在窗前,陷于沉思.

作状语表示方式或伴随情况时,过去分词可用并列句代替.如:

The hunter left his house, followed by his dog. (= He was followed by the dog. )

注意：1. 过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作.

(1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 为过去分词作状语,表示这篇文章是被写的,而且已经被写. 值得注意的是,有些过去分词因来源于系表结构,作状语时不表被动而表主动.这样的过去分词及短语常见的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); hidden (躲); stationed (驻扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿着); tired of (厌烦). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didn't hear the sound.

因为沉溺于思考之中,所以他没听到那个声音.

2. 过去分词作状语时其逻辑主语为主句的主语,此时应注意人称一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再给我一个小时,我也能解这道题.

(given 为过去分词作状语,它的逻辑主语为主句主语 I ,即 I 被再给一个小时.) (2) Seen from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 从山顶看城市,城市显得更漂亮.

(seen 为过去分词作状语,表\被看\由语境可知,它的逻辑主语必须是城市,而不是\我们\因为\我们\应主动看城市.)

【注意】如果过去分词作状语时,前面再加逻辑主语,主句的主语就不再是分词的逻辑主语,这种带逻辑主语的过去分词结构实际上属于独立主格结构. (1) The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出,汽车就开动了.

(the signal 是 given 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 the bus 就不是given 的逻辑主语. ) (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把头昂得高高地从这儿走了过去.

(her head 是 held high 的逻辑主语,因此主句主语 she 就不再是held high 的逻辑主语.)

3. 过去分词作状语来源于状语从句.

(1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因为淋了一场大雨,所以他全身湿透了. (caught in a heavy rain 为过去分词短语作原因状语,它来源于原因状语从句 _____________________________________________)

(2)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快.( grown in rich soil 为过去分词作条件状语,它来源于条件状语从句_____________________________________________)

【注意】状语从句改成过去分词作状语时有时还可保留连词,构成\连词+过去分词\结构作状语.

When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 当你做体格检查时要保持镇定.

4. 过去分词作状语的位置

过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语,后面有逗号与主句隔开;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗号与主句隔开.

He stood there silently, moved to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.

Exercises for V-ed form

1. Read the sentences and underline the V-ed forms

(a) Spoken by fewer and fewer people these days, the Naxi language may disappear in the future.

(b) Seen from above, the old town is a maze of canals, little bridges and tiny streets. (c) Passed from father to son, the music has not changed for eight centuries. (d) Looked at from a distance, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty. (e) Completely rebuilt, the town would not be so interesting.

2. Rewrite the sentences in Exercise 1, beginning with the words given :

1). ______________________________________________________, the Naxi language may disappear in the future. (because)

2)._______________________________________________________, little bridges and tiny streets. (when)

3). _______________________________, the music has not changed for eight centuries. (because)

4)._______________________________, the Xishan Hills resemble a sleeping beauty. (when)

5)._________________________________, the town would not be so interesting. (if) 3.Complete the sentences with the correct form of the given verbs.

know give invite lose visit

1) When ___________ in spring, the hills are covered with flowers.

2) _________________ as one of the loveliest places in China, Yunnan is now visited by many tourists.

3) ________________ in the tiny streets, we decided to ask for help. 4) ______________ into a Naxi home, you should accept with pleasure. 5) If ______________ something you don’t want to eat, just refuse politely. 4. Write complete sentences with the correct form of the words 1). discover/ only recently/ old town/ be/ still very quiet

____________________________________________________________ 2). visit/ large numbers/ tourists/ old town/ can get very crowded

_____________________________________________________________ 3). build/ side/ mountain/ village/ be /very attractive

_____________________________________________________________ 4). cook/ traditional way/ food/ be delicious

_____________________________________________________________ 5. Choose the best answer:

1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______ the next year. A. carry out B. carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out

2. The research is so designed that once ______, nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun

3. The first textbooks _______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. having written B. to be written C. being written D. written

4. The Olympic Games, _______ in 776 BC, did not include women players until 1912. A. first holding B. to be first held C. first held D. to be first holding 5. Prices of daily goods _______ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying

6. Don't use words, expressions or phrases ______ only to people with specific knowledge.