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. Sociolinguistics： is a branch of linguistics which studies all aspects of the relationship

between language and society.

What are the main factors leading to the growth of sociolinguistics? A. The general recognition of the importance of the fact that language is a very variable phenomenon and that this variability may have as much to do with society as with language.

B. The demand made by the development of modern sciences and society and the financial support given by some capitalist governments such as the U.S. government.

C. The healthy climate for its growth created by the development of disciplines like sociology, anthropology and psychology as it takes concepts and findings from them.

Sociolinguistics and related disciplines

Sociolinguistics is related to other disciplines such as anthropology, psychology, education and planning as it has drawn a lot (e.g. taking concepts and findings) from the work done by anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, educators and planners who also use much work of sociolinguistics to help their studies.

The present situation of sociolinguistics？ a. It has been a very important new branch of linguistics.

b. It has been a recognized part of most courses at university level on linguistics or language. c. It is one of the main growth points in the study of language, from the point of both teaching and research.

Features of the present sociolinguistics: Many numerous theories, vast amounts of data, and important consequences of new discoveries for areas such as education and language planning, but there is no central doctrine that must be adhered to。.

Why do we study sociolinguistics?

a. Make a good use of what western linguistic achievements we think of as valuable to serve our socialist construction on language.

b. Helpful to our language studies and teaching and learning.

‘Style’ is usually understood within this area of study as the selection of certain linguistic forms

or features over other possible ones.

Variety : A term we use to include any identifiable kind of language. An Ethnography of speaking (an Ethnography of

Communication) is an approach to the description of speech events that calls for an analysis of

each the relevant factors (or based on the actual observation).。

Conversational Interchange is the basic unit of the spoken language, where two or more

speakers take turns to speak.会话交流。

Turn-taking is the rules for determining who speaks when in a conversational interchange.

话轮转换。

1. What is sociolinguistics? What are the approaches of it?

1) Sociolinguistics is the study of the relation between language and society; of social significance of language variation and language use in different speech communities including regional, ethnic and social groups. Sociolinguistics is also concerned with the impact of extra linguistic factors on language use, such as age, gender, profession, and social status. 2) there are two approaches:

A) macro-sociolinguistics or the sociology of language; pay attention to the whole of

language or variety;

B) mirco-sociolinguitics or sociolinguistics proper; pay attention to specific linguistic phenomena.

2. Explain the following terms:

Variation Variety An Ethnography of speaking Turn-taking

语言变异是指语言因各种社会因素影响而产生的种种差异，它既包括某个特定语言项目在共时分布上的差异，也包括该语言项目在历时流程中的变化。 语言项目指的是各种语言成分或规则 。variation

Variation in a person’s speech or writing. Style usually from casual to formal according to the

type of situation, the persons addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. A particular style, e.g. a formal style or a colloquial style is sometimes referred to as a stylistic variety. (语体类型)

Part 3 Locating variation in speec言语的地域差异

1.1 Speech Community:

1) All the people who speak a single language (like English or French )p24

2) A complex interlocking network of communication whose members share knowledge

about and attitudes towards language use. 联锁的 p25

E.g. a group of people in a village, a region, a nation, and who have at least one speech variety in common.。

1.2 Speech Repertoire活用语言知识库

The language or language varieties that a person knows and uses within his or her speech community in everyday communication.。 1.3 Networks

Groups of people who communicate with each other regularly; also contain consistent patterns; E.g. ：language researchers in the research center; the European Community;

2.1 Definition of dialect

A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class (a social dialect), which is different in some words, grammar, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language.

2.2 Dialectology方言学,方言研究 p28

The study of the regional variations of a language.

Usually, studies in dialectology have concentrated on different words used in various dialects for the same object or on different pronunciations of the same word in different dialects. 2.2.1 Stereotypes

refers to fixed and prejudicial patterns of thought about people that are often mistaken, but they focus on the most obvious features of the local accent. Careful plotting of these regional different variants permits dialectologists to recognize major regional difference.。刻板印象, 传统模式, 固定的形象A personification of England or the English.

A typical Englishman. 约翰牛；英国佬 – the nickname for Britain。He is short and fat, with a bowler hat on his head and a pair of boots on his feet。. 2.3 Dialect and Accent。

Accents refer to the characteristics of speech that convey information about the speaker’s dialect, which may reveal in what country or which part of the country the speaker grows up. E.g.：someone who has a Hubei accent or Henan accent

Since dialect may include international variation, accent can also reveal which country the person come from。.

People in the US always refer to someone as having an American accent.

Accents can be different from each other in pronunciation, lexis, syntax and so on.

E.g. Southern Shannxi, people do not distinguish the consonant /s / and /sh/ in Chinese pinyin and in many places in Southern China, there is only one consonant /l/ for both /l/and /n/ in Mandarin.

Vocabulary also varies between regions and countries.

E.g. in different parts of the US, peanuts may be called groundnuts, or goobers or pinders. A stream in the south of England may be called a beck in that part of northern England and a burn in Scotland.

2.4 AmE & BrE (English Dialects)

The principal varieties of English: British English and American English.

BrE is the basis for the varieties spoken in England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and South Africa;

AmE includes chiefly the English of Canada and the USA.

Part4

4. Language and gender:

Decide which of the following is possibly spoken by a female:

1. I was so naive. 2. My goodness, there’s the vice-chancelor! 3. Shut up. 4. You have done it, haven’t you? 5. Won’t you please get me that glass? 6. I’ll be damned, there’s a friend of mine. 7. Oh, dear, the cup is broken.

features for woman language:

1. Women use less powerful curse words; 2. Women use more tag questions; 3. Women prefer using hedge (eg.sort of, I guess) and intensifiers ( eg.so, very , really, absolutely); 4. Women’s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men’s.