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中西方文化比较

文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物。同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、地理、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等。

Culture is a social phenomenon, is a product of long-term creation of the people. Is also a historical phenomenon, is the accumulation of social history. Exactly speaking, culture refers to a country or a nation's history, geography, customs, way of life, literature and art, code of conduct, way of thinking, values, etc

由于历史渊源，风俗习惯，生存环境，宗教信仰等等不同，导致了中西文化存在着很大的差异，虽然在西方国家内部之间也有着异处,然而体现着本质差异的无疑还是东西方文化间的差异。整体性和个体性的差异；中西方言谈的差异；价值观与道德标准的差异；社会关系的差异；社会礼仪的差异；社会习俗的差异等。了解中西方文化差异是极其必要的

Because of the history origin, customs and habits, living environment, religious beliefs and so on, led to a significant difference between Chinese and Western culture, although between western interior also has a difference, but it embodies the essence difference is undoubtedly the cultural difference between East and west. Differences between the whole and the individual; the differences between Chinese and Western discourse; and moral standard difference values; differences in social relations; differences in social etiquette; differences in social customs etc.. Understanding cultural differences between East and West is extremely necessary

下面从民族性格、宗教文化、礼仪三方面对中西方文化做一个比较。

一 中西方民族性格差异

（一）天人合一与天人二分 Heaven and heaven two points

中国传统的宇宙观是“天人合一”。 所谓“天人合一”,是指人们对自然规律的顺从和对大自然的崇拜,人们把自然中日夜交替、季节更迭与人们的日常生活和活动周期相一致起来,一切都处于不断的循环往复之中,并与自然和谐统一。在“天人合一”思想的影响下,自古以来,中国人在思想意识、思维模式和言语行为等方面都倾向于求整体、求综合。“天人合一”的思想无处不在,如在中国特有的茶文化中,由盖、碗、托三件套

组成的茶盏就代表了天、人、地的和谐统一,缺一不可。

Chinese traditional view of the universe is %unity of heaven and man\people use nature of the alternation of day and night, the seasons and people's daily life and activity cycle is consistent, everything is constantly move in circles, and harmony with nature. Influence of the \and speech act, all tend to seek the overall, integrated. The thought of \as in a unique to China's tea culture, which is composed of a cover, bowl, tray three piece set composed of tea on behalf of the day, people, harmony and unity, are indispensable.

在人与自然的关系上,西方文化主张人与自然的分离,主观世界与客观世界的对立,强调“主客二分”的思维方式。西方文化不是将人类看成自然界的一个组成部分,而是将人类看成自然万物的主宰者,认为人的价值高于自然万物,自然万物都要为人类服务,都得听从人类的摆布,人与自然的关系是征服与被征服的关系。因此西方人总是试图以高度发展的科学技术征服自然,掠夺自然。

In the relationship between man and nature, the Western cultural advocate separation of human and nature, between the subjective world and the objective world, stressed that \ subject and object of the two\ way of thinking. Western culture is not a part of the human being as nature, but human as the natural ruler of the universe, that is higher than the value of the natural world, all of nature is to serve mankind, have to listen to the mercy of the human, the relationship between man and nature is the relationship of the conquerors and the conquered. Therefore, the Westerners always tries to highly developed science and technology to conquer the nature, natural plunder

（二）集体主义与个人主义

中西方文化在民族性格上的第二个差异源于对人的不同观念。尽管在两种文化的价值体系中人都被放在了中心位置,但对于人的理解却不相同。中国文化把人看作群体的一分子,西方文化则强调个体的自由意志。

中国传统的社会经济形态是农耕经济,农业不仅给古老的中华民族提供了基本的衣食之源,而且创造了相应的文化环境。经济上对土地的过度依赖,限制了人们的视野,使人们对集体或群体怀有强烈的归属感,这样就形成了集体主义。在社会秩序中每个人都必须严格遵从并适应他在家庭关系网络乃至整个社会结构中被确定的身份和角色,

不能有所逾越。因此,中国文化中“自我”意识缺乏或丧失,个人作为个体的独立人格和地位也无从谈起。总之,中国人是为社会、为家庭、为他人而存在，而非为自己而存在。

个人主义是西方民族性格的突出特征。西方社会遵循个人价值至上的原则,提倡个人利益为最高利益,强调主动进取,追求自由平等、自立自强,注重个人自由和权利,并把它视为实现自我价值的积极表现。个人主义的另一个特点就是对个人隐私的绝对尊重,人们的年龄、收入、婚姻状况等纯属个人私事,不能成为交谈的话题;即使在一个家庭内,不经允许，夫妇双方也不能私拆对方信件

（三）中庸和崇尚武力

中国文化从集体主义的价值目标出发,把协调好人际关系放在首位。既然和谐是最好的秩序和状态,那么怎样才能达到“和”的理想呢?儒家认为,最根本的途径在于保持“中庸”。 中庸之道是一种调节社会矛盾,使之达到中和状态的高级哲理。而道家的中道观则是无为、不争、处下等消极的思想。儒道两家的中道观造就了中国人和平文弱的文化性格,因此中华民族不尚征战,不喜扩张侵略。

Chinese culture from the value goal of collectivism, the coordination of interpersonal relationship in the first place. Since the harmony is the best order and state, so how to achieve the \According to Confucianism, the most fundamental way is to maintain the \middle course is a regulator of social contradictions, advanced philosophy so as to reach the neutralized state. Taoism's mesotes is thought such negative inaction, not to fight. Confucianism and Taoism mesotes created Chinese peace weak culture character, therefore the Chinese nation still not in, not like aggression and expansion.

正因为西方文化崇尚个人主义,认为个人至高无上,所以西方民族才始终把“利”与“力”看作是健康的价值,鼓励人们积极地追求现实功利,并在平等的基础上开展竞争,努力获取个人的最大利益和幸福。要在竞争中取得成功,就必须击败对手,这既要有实力做后盾,又要有敢拼敢斗的冒险精神，由此便形成了西方人崇力尚争的民族性格和文化精神。

Because of the western culture of individualism, that individual supreme, so western nation has always been to \practical utility, and compete on the basis of equality, to get the maximum benefit and the happiness of the individual. To be successful in the competition, they must defeat opponents, it must have the strength to do the backing, and who dares to fight the spirit of adventure, thus forming the West Chong force still struggle of the national character and cultural spirit.