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2018考研英语完形填空模拟试题及参考答案（一）
一．
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1 agreed upon among linguists, this 2 covers four important aspects: system, arbitrary, symbol and vocal. It is a system, 3 linguistic elements are arranged systematically, 4 chaotically. Its being a system ensures a common 5 on which the users can 6 it and understand it. Arbitrary, in the 7 that there is usually without 8 connection between a word (dog, for instance) and the thing referred to by the word “dog”. A 9 from Shakespeare would make a good example: “a rose by any other name would smell as sweet。” That is why there are 10 languages in the world, with so many different sounds and writings, all of which 11 more or less the same meanings. It is symbolic, because words (writings/pictogram) are associated 12 objects, concepts, actions, by nothing more than 13 . In other words, language users 14 the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize 15 they wish to convey. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary 16 for all human languages. 17 systems developed much later than the spoken forms. This recognition can be proved by the fact 18 every normal human can 19 in a certain language but not 20 is able to write。
1. [A] Presumably [B] Broadly [C] Incidentally [D] Cheerfully
2. [A] interference [B] access [C] impact [D] definition
3. [A] since [B] if [C] unless [D] while
4. [A] other than [B] now that [C] rather than [D] except that
5. [A] freedom [B] origin [C] ground [D] reform
6. [A] grasp [B] urge [C] oblige [D] assess
7. [A] cost [B] sense [C] sight [D] risk
8. [A] paradoxical [B] continuous [C] incompatible [D] intrinsic
9. [A] maintenance [B] quotation [C] existence [D] survival
10. [A] complex [B] racial [C] numerous [D] prominent
11. [A] bind [B] carry [C] restrain [D] sustain
12. [A] to [B] from [C] by [D] with
13. [A] convention [B] conviction [C]conservation [D] consensus
14. [A] substitute [B] wreck [C] employ [D] propel
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15. [A] when [B] that [C] which [D] what
16. [A] version [B] weapon [C] contest [D] medium 17. [A] Recording [B] Decoding [C] Writing [D] Quoting 18. [A] that [B] whereas [C] which [D] once 19. [A] speak [B] talk [C] say [D] put
20. [A] necessarily [B] generally [C] hardly [D] confusedly
参考答案
SectionⅠ Use of English(10 points)
1. B 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. C 11. B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. A
全文翻译
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的语音符号的体系。这是语言学家们普遍认同的定义。它包含四个重要概念：系统性，任意性，符号性以及语音性。语言是一个体系，因为语言成分是有条理地而不是凌乱地拼凑在一起。因为语言有体系，使用者就有共同处，便于掌握和理解。说语言是任意性的，意思是，某个词(如“狗”)与它所指的物体之间通常没有本质的内在的固有的联系。援引莎氏的一句名言很能说明，“一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字，闻起来都是一样香。”所以，世界上有如此众多不同的语音和书面文图，其含义都略同或相同。说语言是符号，因为词语跟客观世界的物体，行动，想法等的联系是约定俗成的。换言之，人们用一定的音和语言形式去象征地表达和交流事物。语言是有声的，是因为语音或口头对于全人类的语言都是第一性的，文字是第二性的。这种观点可从下列事实得到证明：所有正常人都能讲一种语言，但并不一定能写它。
二．
From the beginning, water has furnished man with a source of food and a highway to travel upon. The first civilisations arose____________ (1) water was a dominant element in the environment, a challenge__________(2) man’s ingenuity. The Egyptians invented the 365___________ (3) calendar in response___________ (4) the Nile’s annual flooding. The Babylonians, who were among ___________ (5) most famous law-makers___________ (6) antiquity, devised edicts regulating water usage. Water inspired the Chinese___________ (7) build a 1,000 mile canal, a complex system___________ (8), after nearly 2,500 years, ___________ (9) still partly in use and still commands the awe of engineers. But the ancients never found complete solutions ____________ (10) their water problems. The Hwang Ho, or Yellow River, is also known___________ (11) \’s Sorrow\
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single flood it has caused a million deaths. Floods harassed the great civilisation of the Indus River valley, and inadequate drainage ruined much__________ (13) its land. Today____________ (14) dominates man as it always has___________ (15). Its presence continues to govern the location of his homes and cities; its tempestuous variability can kill ___________ (16) or his herds or his crops; its routes link him to____________ (17) fellows; its immense value may add___________ (18) already dangerous political conflicts. There are many examples__________ (19) this in our___________ (20) time.
参考答案：
1. where 2. to 3. day 4. to 5. the 6. of/in 7. to 8. which/that 9. is/remains 10. to 11. as 12. that 13. of 14. it/water 15. done 16. him/man 17. his 18. to 19. of 20.own
三．
In 1924 American National Research Council sent engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop floor lignting__1__workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.
The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_something was changed, productivity rose. A___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.
After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.
It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__ 14__ interpretation of what happened.__ 15___, lighting was always changed on Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the working week in any case, before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “is hard to pin down.
1.选A. 此句要表达的意思为“厂房的灯光是如何对工作效率产生影响的”，因此，这里需要的意思是“影响”。achieve表示“达到，完成”， extract表示“拔出，榨取”，restore表示“恢复，使修复”，都与句子不复，只有affect表示“影响”。
2.选B. 该题考察的是固定短语的使用，end up doing sth，表示“最终成为.....”。句子表达的意思为：该实验最终被定义为“霍桑效应”。