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美联英语提供：英语语法-学英语必看英语语法手册(全)7

关于英语那些你不知道的事都在这里

http://m.meten.com/test/quwen.aspx?tid=16-73675-0

扫过了，我们可以把东西搬进去了。(强调最终结果)You look so tired. What have you been doing? 你看来很累的样子，你干什么来着?(强调直接结果)

过去完成进行时(past perfect continuous tense)

1)过去完成进行时的形式一律为had been + 现在分词，无人称和数的区别。 2)过去完成进行时的用法 过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这个时间，这一动作可能还在进行，也可能已经停止。如：

He told me that he had been waiting for me for two hours.他对我说他等了我两小时。(动作不再延续)

The baby had been crying for fifteen minutes when her mother came in.妈妈进来时，婴儿一直哭了十五分钟。(动作可能还在进行)

It seemed to her that the boys had been shouting for a long time.她似乎觉得这些男孩一直叫喊了很久。(动作可能还在进行)

The teacher had been teaching for forty years by the time he retired，这位教师退休前一直教了四十年的书。(动作不再进行)

[英语语法手册]何谓\时态的一致\ 定义

某些从句(主要是宾语从句)中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句中谓语动词时态的影响，这叫做时态的一致(sequence of tenses)。

主句中的谓语动词如为现在或将来时态时 从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。如：

He says his father is (was，will be)an engineer.他说他父亲是(过去是，将来要做)一个工程师。

Can you tell me when you finished (will finish) the work? 你可否告诉我你什么时候完成的(会完成)这项工作?

主句中的谓语动词如为过去时态时

从句中的谓语动词一般须用过去时态。这又可分为下面三种情况：

1)如果从句里的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句须用过去一般时或过去进行时。如：

He told me he was unwell.他告诉我他不大舒服。

She said her brother was reading a magazine at the moment. 她说她弟弟正在读一本杂志。

2)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句须用过去完成时。如：

He said he had posted the letter.他说他已经把信发了。

Our teacher told us he had been to lndia.我们老师说他到过印度。

3)如果从句的谓语动词所表示的动作在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句的谓语动词须用过去将来时态。如：

They did not know when they would go to the Great Wall. 他们不知道什么时候

去参观长城。

He said he was going to be an actor after leaving school.他说他毕业后要当演员。 [注]主句的谓语动词如是过去时态，还须注意下面两种特殊情况： 1)从句所说明的如果是一般真理或客观事实，则仍用现在时态。如：

The teacher told the pupils that the earth is round.老师告诉学生地球是球形体的。 Somebody told me you an a writer.有人告诉我说你是一个作家。

2)从句如果有表示某一具体时间的状语，谓语动词所表示的动作虽发生在主句的谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般仍用过去一般时，不用过去完成时。如：

The teacher told his pupi1s that the Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai in l921. 老师告诉学生中国共产党于一九二一年在上海诞生。

My father told me that my grandfather was born in l900.我父亲告诉我，我祖父生于一九OO年。

[英语语法手册]助动词 助动词的形式与作用

1)英语常用的助动词(auxiliary verb)有shall，will，should，would，be，have，do等。助动词一般无词义，不能单独作谓语动词。助动词在句中的作用，在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构等。如：

China has entered a great new era. 中国已进入了一个伟大的新时期。(帮助构成完成时态)

Some boys are playing on the grass. 一些男孩正在草地上玩。 (帮助构成进行时态) Mother is written by Gorky. 《母亲》是高尔基写的。 (帮助构成被动语态)

We Shall have the football match if it does not rain.如果不下雨，我们就赛足球。(帮助构成将来时态和否定结构)

Do you see my point? 你明白我的意思吗?(帮助构成疑问结构) [注]在否定结构中，not须放在助动词后面。 2)助动词加not一般都有简略式，用于口语中。如： is not-isn't would not--wouldn't are not--aren't [B:nt] have not--haven't was not -- wasn't has not--hasn't

were not-- weren't [wE:nt] had not--hadn't shall not--shan't [FB:nt] do not--don't [dEunt] will not--won't [wEunt] does not--doesn't should not--shouldn't did not--didn't be 助动词

be的形式变化和动词be。be作为助动词的用法有下列几种： 1)be后跟动词的现在分词 可以构成各种进行时态。如： The driver is cleaning the car.司机在擦车。

Yesterday afternoon we were discussing a new plan.昨天下午我们在讨论一个新的计划。

Women in our country are playing an important part in socialist construction.我国妇女在社会主义建设中正起着重要的作用。

2) be后跟动词的过去分词 可以构成被动语态。如：

A lot of consumer goods are made of nylon.许多消费品都是尼龙作的。 The Flower Show is usually held here in October. 花展通常于10月在此举行。 The cinema will be closed for repair from March 3rd.影院自三月三日起修理内部停止营业。

3)be加动词不定式 有下列各种用法： a)表示未来的安排或计划。如：

The delegation is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.代表团定于明天去上海。 I'm to be home before midnight.我午夜前一定回来。 b)表示必要或命令或问对方的意志。如：

You're to hand in your exercises tomorrow.你们明天要交练习。 Where am I to put these tools? 这些工具应该放在什么地方? What is to be done?怎么办?

c)表示\可能\，与can或may相仿。如：

I am not sure whether he is to turn up tonight.我不能断定他今晚是否能来。 My key is nowhere to be found.我哪儿也找不着我的钥匙。 d) be + about + 动词不定式则表计划即将，如： The meeting is about to begin.会议即将开始。 have

的过去式是had。Have (had)作为助动词和过去分词一起，构成各种完成时态。如： I have known Mr. Smith for four years.我认识史密斯先生已经四年了。 He has not made up his mind yet.他还没有决定呢。

A woman came in with a baby，who had just swallowed a safety pin.一个妇女带