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Literature terms

1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds

of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗） 2Romance: It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学） 3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄双韵体)

4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格) meter 格律 foot音步

5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）

6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗）

7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）

8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a character’s innermost thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or as if alone(独白)

9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）

10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the

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trinity --- the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）

11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.（书信体小说）

12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois

revolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感伤主义)

Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义） Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.

Brief Outline of British Literature：works 1. Early and Medieval English Literature 1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066) National epic: The Song of Beowulf 2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350) Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain and Green Knight

3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism The first important realistic writer “Father” of English poetry

The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, the Knight（骑士）,

the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）, the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,

the Prologue（序诗）.

The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》 The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》 Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》 Thomas Malory

Morte d’Arthur (Death of Arthur)《亚瑟之死》 William Langland Piers the Plowman

[Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron《十日谈》 Ovid奥维德: 《爱的艺术》《变形记》] 2. The English Renaissance (16 century) Thomas More Utopia

Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛 First person used blank verse

Death of Arthur 《亚瑟之死》 Tamburlaine the Great ?帖木儿大帝?

The Jew of Malta ?马尔他岛的犹太人?

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus?浮士德博士的悲剧? Hero and Leander《海洛和利安得》

The Passionate Shepherd to His Love《牧羊人的恋歌》

William Shakespeare

one of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literature

Venus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》 The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》

Four tragedies： Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥塞罗》

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King Lear 《李尔王》 Macbeth《麦克白》

Four comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》

Ben Jonson本·琼森

first poet- laureate

after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stage the greatest dramatist after Shakespeare

the founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”, Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》 Every Man Out of His Humor《人人扫兴》 Volpone 《福尔蓬奈》the Fox《狐狸》 The Alchemist 《炼金术士》

Sir Thomas Wyatt托马斯·怀亚特

Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利·霍华德·萨里伯爵 Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼

Astrophel and Stella《爱星者和星星》Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》The Defence of Poetry《诗辩》

Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞 the Poet’s poet , a model of poetical art greatest non-dramatic poet of his time first master of English verse

The Shepherd’s Calendar 《牧人月历》Amoretti 《爱情小诗》 The Fairy Queen《仙后》 Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯· 培根 The father of experimental philosophy

The most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Age the first English essayist

the founder of English materialist philosophy.

The Advancement of Learning《学术的进展》The Novum Organum (The New Instrument) 《新工具》The New Atlantis《新大西岛》The Essays 《散文集》(Of Studies)

3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century) John Milton约翰·弥尔顿 the smartest man in Europe a master of the blank verse

Paradise Lost《失乐园》 Paradise Regained《复乐园》 Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Lycidas 《利西达斯》 Comus《科玛斯》a masque《假面剧》 John Bunyan约翰·班扬

Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》 Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner《功德无量》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman《恶人先生的生平和死亡》《贝德曼先生的一生》The Holy War《神圣战争》 John Donne约翰·邓恩

Founder of Metaphysical poetry选学派诗人

Songs and Sonnets《歌与短歌》Holy sonnet《圣十四行诗》Divine poem《神圣诗歌》Elegies and Satire《挽歌与讽刺诗》Meditations《冥想》/ 《沉思》 4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century) Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏 Essay on Criticism《论批评》 The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》

Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德·斯蒂尔

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