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Unit 1

Active Reading 1 3. Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1. issue 2.opportunity 3. establishment 4.campus 5. protest 6. launch 7. prospects 8. Employment

4. Complete the paragraph with the correct form of the words in Activity 3. 1. issues 2. campus 3. protests 4. establishment 5. prospects 6. employment 7. launch 8. Opportunity

5. Replace the underlined words

1. launches 2. alliance 3. liberal 4.governor 5. economy 6. characterized 7. dropped out 8. liberating 9.passion

6. Answer the questions about the words.

1. b 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. b. 6. a 7. a 8. B

7. Answer the question 1.d 2. b

Active Reading 2 2. Choose the best answer to the questions. 1.c 2.a 3.d 4.b 5.d 6.c

3. Match the words in the box with their definitions.

1.rebel 2.ear 3.destruction 4.gender 5.assert 6.philosophy 7.industrial

4. Complete the conversation with the correct form of the words in Activity 2. 1.rebel 2.assert 3.era 4.Industrial 5.philosophy 6.gender 7.destruction

5. Answer the questions about the words and expressions. 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.b 6.a 7.b 8.b

6. Decide whether the sentence are critical or approving of today’s students.

1.critical 2.critical 3.critical 4.approving or critical 5.critical or approving 6.approving

7. Look at the sentences from the passage and choose the best way to complete the sentences. 1.a 2.b

Language in use 1. Complete the sentences with the words in brackets and the suffix –ment or –ism.

1. government 2.Postmodernism 3.development 4.individualism 5.agreement 6. investment 7. Sexism 8.romanticism

2. Rewrite the sentences using so/neither/nor + inversion

1. The world has changed a lot since the 1960s, and so have universities. 2. I really enjoyed my years at university, and so did Jackie.

3. Choosing the right course is always a major problem for new students, and so is organizing one’s time on campus.

4. I’m thinking of going to the lecture on post-colonial literature, and so is Li Ming. 5. I think the facilities in our college have improved over the last few years, and so has the teaching.

6. We can access the Internet in our student hostel, and so can everyone else on campus.

7. I’m not very interested in politics, nor are my friends. 8. I won’t be doing much tonight, nor will my roommate.

3. Rewrite the sentence using mean.

1. Starting out at college means meeting lots of interesting people.

2. Going to bet too late means not being able to concentrating the next day.

3. Doing a course in Lit Theory means spending a lot of time on difficult subjects. 4. Being interested in literature means having an open mind about other ways of life. 5. Protesting against the Vietnam War in the 1960s meant going out onto the streets. 6. Going to college today means spending a lot of time thinking about what you will do afterwards.

4. Translate the sentences into Chinese.

1. 在欧洲的大学校园里，大学生以新的姿态和激情投入到争取自由和正义的事业中去，大规模的社会主义或共产主义运动引发了他们与当权者之间日益升级的暴力冲突。

2. 现在，政治、社会和创造意识的觉醒似乎不是凭借大学的助力，而是冲破其阻力才发生的。当然，一点不假，高等教育仍然重要。例如，在英国，布莱尔首相几乎实现了到2010年让50%的30岁以下的人士上大学的目标（即使是愤世嫉俗的人会说，这是要把他们排除在事业统计数据之外）。

3.我从没指望通过上文学理论课来了解我这一代人的特征，或了解美国大学在如何变化。这门课是让你在课堂上扮酷的—带着一丝熬夜太多的困劲儿，穿着一件T恤衫， 上面印着“去过那儿，干过那事儿，对，这就是那件T恤衫”，或诸如此类带有揶揄意味的俏皮话。

4.我们这一代人来自所谓的短世纪（1914-1989），生于其后期。这个世纪充满了战争和革命，它改变了人类文明，推翻了强权政治，给我们留下了非同寻常的机会和特权。我们所得到的机会与特权比从前任何一代人都要多。

5. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes. The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.

2. Nowadays, the gap between the university and the real world is shrinking and students are becoming more and more practical. Gone are the days when the university was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end rather than a means to an end.

3. I never hoped to learn the subject well by attending those lectures. But I did go to lectures, for it was the place where I could get the important points of the course and learn how to organize materials and how to reason.

4. Although I have been trying every means to solve the problem, I cannot work out a satisfactory solution. But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple.

Reading across cultures Student power

1. Read the passage and answer the questions.

1. How old is Bologna University?

Bologna University is about 900 years old.

2. Who paid the lecturers for their work? Students paid the lecturers for their work.

3. How many students had to attend a lecture?

Five students were the minimum number needed to attend a lecture.

4. What happened if not enough students were present? The lecturer was declared absent and given a fixed fine.

5. For what other reasons could a lecturer be punished?

There were a number of other reasons for a lecturer to be punished. These included: if lecturers failed to meet the standards set out in the university statutes; if they started lectures a minute late or if they went on beyond the approved time; if they failed to cover the syllabus according to an agreed timetable; and if they passed over a difficult subject or failed to emphasize each part of a difficult syllabus.

6. How many students were elected as spies? Four students were elected as spies.

7. What did the y have to do?

They were obliged to report irregularities such as bad lecturing technique, failure to cover the syllabus, or absence without leave.

8. When did students lose their power over lecturers, and why?

Students lost their power over lecturers by 1350 because the payment system was changed. Lecturers were appointed and paid by the local town council.

2. Work in pairs and discuss the questions.

1. Which is the oldest university in China, and when was it founded?

It’s hard to name or single out the oldest university in China, but the oldest universities in modern sense include the University of Nanking (金陵大学) established in 1888, Beiyang University (北洋大学) in Tianjin founded in 1895, Peking University in 1898, St. John’s University (圣约翰大学) in Shanghai in 1907 and Tsinghua University in 1911.

2. What do you know about the student-teacher relationship then?

Example: I believe the relationship was not like the one at Bologna, because Chinese traditional teaching emphasized having respect for teachers for their knowledge, skills and morality. At the same time, teachers have a duty to care for students academically, socially and personally, so the relationship was reciprocal.

3. How would you describe the student-teacher relationship in your college or

university now?

Example: There different kinds of student-teacher relationship: Some are more

traditional and formal; others are more informal, teachers may attend students’ parties and visit students’ dormitories. Both kinds of teachers care for their students, but in different ways.

4. Who pays for your education? And who pays your teachers?

Usually parents pay for students’ education. And the government pays teachers. Some students get a loan from the bank to pay for their living expenses.

5. Do you think it is easier to be a student now than in the past? Why/Why not?

? No, we have a lot more pressures, e.g. the extra exams for English and

information and communication technology (computers) in addition to our course exams. We also worry about how to get a job after graduation. The competition is severe.

? Yes, in some ways, it is easier, because we have got much better facilities

for learning, e.g. the Internet, e-books and e-journals, a better library and improved system of opening hours.

Guided writing Writing a historical overview

1. Find other examples of time adverbials in the passage.

1. … at the beginning of each academic year the lecturer had to deposit a sum

of money with a city banker…

2. At the beginning of the academic year the students and the lecturers decided

which material was to be taught that year and when it was to be taught.

3. By 1350 almost all the lecturers were appointed and paid by the local town

council.

2. Find other examples of passives in the passage.

1. If he failed to do so, he was declared absent and given a fixed fine.

2. …a lecturer who didn’t pay his fines was not allowed to collect fees from the

students…

3. He was fined if he started his lectures a minute late or if he went on beyond

an approved time.

4. If he failed to end the lecture punctually, the students were obliged by the

statutes to leave the room immediately.

5. The lecturer was also fined if he failed to cover the syllabus according to an

agreed timetable.

6. A lecturer who passed over a difficult subject or who failed to emphasize each

part of a difficult syllabus would be penalized.

7. All students were encouraged to denounce lecturers who were absent without

leave…

8. They were obliged to report irregularities, such as bad lecturing technique,

failure to cover syllabus, or absence without leave.

9. If denunciations were received from at least two students, the lecturers were

punished.

10. By 1350 almost all the lecturers were appointed by the local town council…