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1.an understanding of how the systems work help you understand how the automobile works .了解各系统如何工作有助于了解汽车是如何工作的。
2.these support the vehicle and cushion it from road bumps for better ride and handling.它们支撑着车身，并缓解由于路面不平引起的颠簸，以获得更好的乘坐舒适型和操作稳定性。
3.The purpose of an automobile engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle.
汽车发动机的功用是提供汽车行驶所需的动力
4.The internal combustion engine is a device used to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into heat energy .and then convert this heat energy into usable mechanical energy .内燃机是一种将燃料的化学能转化为热能，再把热能转化为可利用的机械能的装置。
5.The amount of air/fuel mixture allowed to enter the cylinder determines the power and speed developed by the engine .进入汽缸中的可燃混合气体的数量，决定了该发动机的功率和转速。
6.Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is the primary job a lubrication system must perform.减少摩擦，降低磨损和动力损失是润滑系统必须完成的主要工作。
7.The clutch which includes the flywheel ,clutch disc ,pressure plate ,springs , cover and the linkage necessary to operate the clutch is a rotating mechanism between the engine and transmission .离合器是位于发动机和变速器之间的一个旋转装置，它包括飞轮，离合器摩擦片，压盘。压紧弹簧。离合器盖以及操作离合器所需要的连接杆件等。
8.To start the engine Or shift the gear ,the driver has to depress the clutch pedal with the purpose of disengagement the transmission from the engine .at that time .the driven members connected to the transmission input shaft are either stationary or rotating at a speed that is slower or faster than the driving members connected to the engine crankshaft .为了启动发动机或换挡，驾驶员必须踩下离合器踏板以便于实现变速器和发动机的分离，此时。与变速器输入轴相连的离合器从动件可能处于静止状态，也可能以一定的速度旋转，这一速度可能高于或低于与发动机相连的离合器主动件的旋转速度。
9.either way .pushing the pedal down operates the disengagement mechanism which puts pressure on the fingers of the clutch diaphragm via a release bearing and cause the diaphragm to release the clutch plate .无论采用哪种方式，踩下踏板，操纵分离机构，通过分离轴承对离合器膜片弹簧施加压力。均可以解除膜片弹簧对离合器盘的压紧！
10.The modern automatic transmission consists of many components and systems that are designed to work together in a symphony of planetary gear sets ,the hydraulic system ,seals and gaskets .the torque converter ,the governor and the modulator or throttle cable and computer control that has evolved over the years into what many mechanically included individuals consider to be an art form .自动变速器由许多的部件和系统组成，它们有行星齿轮组，液压系统，密封圈，和密封衬垫，变矩器，油压调节器，调制器，节气门拉索，电子控制装置等，经过精心设计，运作协调，其中的电子控制装置经历了多年的发展，已经巧妙的形式融入了许多人性化的设计。
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11..in this scenario ,when we turn the ring gear ,the planets will walk along the sun gear (which is held stationary )causing the planet carrier to turn the output shaft in the same direction as the input shaft but at a slower speed causing gear reduction (similar to a car in the first gear )
.在这种情况下，当转动齿圈，行星齿轮将沿着被固定的太阳轮运行，从而行星齿轮架带动输出轴以与输入轴相同方向的旋转但速率较小，来实现减速（类似于普通变速器的一档） 12..The final drive assembly also provide gear reduction so that the drive wheels spin more slowly than the drive shaft .主减速器总成具有减速作用，因而驱动轮要比传动轴转的慢。 13，.brakes are actually energy conversion devices ,which convert the kinetic energy (momentum ) o f the vehicle into thermal energy (heat ).when stepping on the brake s ,the driver command s a stopping force ten time s as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion .制动器实际上就是能量转换装置，它讲汽车的动能转化为热能，当驾驶员踩下制动踏板，所产生的制动力是汽车运动时动力的十倍。
16.the typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brake s in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder .常见的制动系统布置有前后盘式，前盘后鼓式，各个车轮上的制动器通过一套管路系统连接到制动主缸上。
14..The parking brake system controls the rear brakes through a serious of steel cables that are connected to either a hand lever or a foot pedal .the idea is that the system is fully mechanical and completely bypasses the hydraulic system so that the vehicle can be brought to a stop even if there is a total brake failure .驻车制动系统通过一套与操纵手柄与踏板相连的钢缆来操纵后轮制动器，这套系统是机械式的，且与液压系统并联，从而保证在整个液压制动系统失灵的情况下汽车也能实现制动。 15..on most cars ,it takes three to four complete revolutions of the steering wheel to make the wheel s turn from lock to lock (from far left to far right ) 对于大多数汽车来说，使转向轮从一侧的极限位置偏转到嫩一侧的极限位置，（从最左侧到最右侧）转向盘需要转动三到四圈。
16.different tooth pitch (number of teeth per inch )in the center than it has on the outside .有些汽车采用可变传动比的转向器，在其齿轮齿条机构中，齿条中心与两端的齿距，（每英寸的齿数）不同。
17.instead of twisting further into the block the way a regular bolt would ,this bolt is held fixed so that when it spins ,it moves the block ,which moves the gear that turns the wheels .由于转向螺栓的轴向是固定的，所以螺杆转动时，没有像通常那样螺杆向螺母深处前进，而是使螺母沿螺杆轴向移动，从而带动齿扇轴，最后偏转转向轮。 18. as The Vanes spin ,they pull hydraulic fluid from the return line at low pressure force it into the outlet at high pressure .随着叶片的转动，从回油管吸入低压油然后把它压向出油口，以高压油输出。 19.The compressed spring when force is removed ,returns to its original position ,the distance that a spring compressed under force depends on the rate of the spring.当压紧力撤除时，被压紧的弹簧恢复到初始状态，在压力作用下，弹簧的压缩变形量取决于该弹簧的刚度。 20..rubber bushings are placed between the bolts and the links .these bushings dampen vibrations .The links hold the axle in place and keep it from moving from side to
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side or forward and backward .在螺栓和控制壁之间装有橡胶衬套，这些衬套可以缓解振动。这些控制壁确保后桥工作在正确的位置，防止它左右或前后移动。 unit1
body 车身 chassis 底盘 enclosure外壳、套 hood车棚、车顶 sway 摇摆 frame车架 steering转向、操作 brake 制动 weld焊接 rivet铆钉 bolt螺钉 washer垫圈 vibration振动 stabilizer稳定器 ride乘坐舒适性 handling操作稳定性 linkages转向传动机构 plier钳子 distributor分电器 alternator交流发电机 regulator调节器 carburetor化油器 radiator散热器、水箱 defroster除冰装置 sludge金属碎屑 transmission变速器 differential差速器 power train 传动系 unitized body 承载式车身 suspension system 悬架系统 steering system 转向系 braking system 制动系 shock absorbers减震器 control arms控制臂 steering wheel 转向盘 steering column转向管柱 steering gears 转向器 tie rod 横拉杆 idler arm随动臂 brake shoe制动蹄 disc brake 盘式制动器 drum brakes 鼓式制动器 ignition system 点火系统 exhaust system 排气系统 lubrication system 润滑系 oil filters 机油滤清器 drive（ or propeller） shaft传动轴 universal joints 万向节 unit2
longitudinal纵向的 transverse横向的 reciprocate往复 spin旋转 piston活塞 ignite点火 rub摩擦 quart夸脱 reservoir油箱 mechanical机械的 enclosed被附上的 gallon加仑 stroke冲程 camshaft凸轮轴 combustion燃烧 disengaged脱离啮合的 flywheel飞轮
internal-combustion engine内燃机 diesel-fuel柴油 LPG=Liquefied Petroleum Gas液化石油气体 CNG=Compressed natural gas压缩天然气 spark ignition火花点火 compression ignition压缩点火 spark plug火花塞 gas-turbine engine蒸汽机 Stirling engine斯特灵发动机 lubricating system润滑系统 oil pan油底壳 oil pump机油泵 exhaust system排气系统 emission-control system排放控制系统 energy
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