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3 3
He (0.04649 m ,283.2 K )
3,293.2 K )
H2 (0.02406 m
T
2
( 0.07055 m ,287.7 K ) ( 0.07055 m3,287.7 K )
V
2
S He nC V
,m
He ln
T
1
nR ln
V
1
所以:
287 .7
2 1 .5
0 .07055
-1
8 .314 ln
283 .2
-1
2 8. 314 ln
0 .04649
7 .328 J K
同理: ∴ΔS =
SH
2
8. 550 J K
SHe
+
S H
2
= 7.328 + 8.550 = 15.88 J · K
10. 解:
ΔH = ΔH1 + ΔH2 + ΔH3 = (75.4 × 10) - 6032 - (37.7 × 10) = - 5648.4 J
ΔS = ΔS1 + ΔSS3 = 75.4 2 + Δ
×
273 ln
263
6032
263 ln 273
- 1
- 273 + 37.7 ×
= - 20.66 J K·
ΔG = ΔH- TΔS = - 5648.4 + 263
p
l
(×- 20.66) = - 214.82 J
ln
p
ΔG≈ ΔG2 = - RT ×
s
p ln l
p
s
G RT
214 .82
p
l
= = 263 8.314
p
= 0.09824,
s
= 1.1032
11. 解: 用公式 ΔS = - R∑ni lnxi
- 1
= - 8.314 × (0.2 × ln0.2 + 0.5 × ln0.5 + 0.3 × ln0.3) = 8.561 J K ·
12.解:
- 1
ΔCp = 65.69 - 2 ×26.78 - 0.5 ×31.38 = - 3.56 J K· ΔHT = ∫ ΔCpdT + Const = - 3.65T + Const ,∵ T = 298K时, ΔH298 = - 30585J
代入,求得: Const = - 29524,ΔHT = - 3.65T - 29524,代入吉 -赫公式,
G
积分,
2
G 298
823
1
3 .65 29524
298
2
dT
66 .91
823 T
G
2
10836 .6
G
66 .91 30 .55
,
2
25143 J
823 298
恒温恒压下, ΔG > 0 ,反应不能自发进行,因此不是形成 13.解:
Ag2O 所致。
RT ln
p p
2
= 8.314 ×373 ×ln0.5 = - 2149.5 J
ΔG1 = 0 ;ΔG2 = S
m
1
373
ln
S 298 C
p 373 - 1 -1 R ln 196 .24 R ln 2 202 .0 J K mol 298 p
473 p -1 -1
R ln 209 .98 J K mol 298 p
S
m
p , m
473 ln
S 298 C
p ,m
ΔH3 = Cp,m × (473 - 373) = 33.58 × 100 = 3358 J ΔG3 = ΔH3 - (S2T2 - S1T1) = 3358 - (209.98 × 473 –202.00× 373) = -20616.5 9 J ΔG = ΔG2 + ΔG3 = - 20616.5 - 2149.5 = - 22766 J = - 22.77 kJ
1
7 =
p
1
2 7
576 K
14.解:
5
, T
2
T
298
1
.1
0
p
2
5
Q = 0 , W = ΔU = n CV,m( T2- T1) = 10 × 2 R × (576 - 298) = 57.8 kJ
7
ΔU = 57.8 kJ ,ΔH = n Cpm(T2- T1) = 10 × 2
R × (576 - 298) = 80.8 kJ
- -3
= - 282.1kJ
ΔS = 0 ,ΔG = ΔH - Sm,298ΔT = 80.9 - 10 × 130.59 × (576 - 298) × 10
ΔA = ΔU - SΔT = - 305.2 kJ 15.解:这类题目非常典型,计算时可把热力学量分为两类:一类是状态函数的变化, 包括 ΔU、ΔH、ΔS、ΔA、ΔG,计算时无需考虑实际过程;另一类是过程量,包括 Q、W,不同的过程有不同的数值。 先求状态函数的变化,状态变化为 :(p1,V1,T1) ( p2,V2,T2)
U
T
dU = V TdS - pdV ,
p 对状态
方程
T
S V
T
p
p T p T V
a V
2
V
RT
p p RT 2a R , T V V V T V V
2
3
而言:
U
∴
V
T
R V
p
a
2
T
V
V
2
U
dV
V
2
a dV
2
1 a V
1
U
V
1
V
V
V
1
V
1
所以:
T
2
又
H a 1 V
2
U 1
1
pV
U
p2 V 2
p1V1
a
2
a
1
V S
V V
V
2a
1 V
2
V
1
1
V R
V
2
S
V
2
p
dV T
2 2
dV
1
dV V
1
R ln
V
1
V
1
V
T
V
V
V
A
U T S a
1 V
2
1
1
V
V
2 RT ln
V
1
G H T S
1
2a 1
2
V RT ln 2
V
1
V
1
V
再求过程量,此时考虑实际过程恒温可逆:
W
V
V
2
2
RT
a
dV
2
V
1
1 a V
1
RT ln
V
V
2
pdV
V1
V
V
V
1
2 1
V
2
Q T S RT ln
V
1
对于恒温可逆过程: