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Chapter 2 Basic concepts of words
Exercises
1. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic
function.
A. a minimal free form B. a smallest meaningful unit
C. an element which can not be further analyzed D. a grammatically minimal form
2. The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always _______________.
A. logical B. arbitrary C. inherent D. automatic
3. In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds, which show __________.
A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established. B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaning C. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of convention D. the concepts are not really the same 4. Words may fall into ___________.
A. the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency B. content words and functional words by notion C. native words and borrowed words by origin. D. All of the above
5. Functional words do _______ work of expression in English on average than content words.
A. far more B. less C. equal D. similar
6. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______of the modern English
vocabulary.
A. 50 percent B. 50 percent C. 80 percent D. 65 percent 7. The English alphabet was adopted from _______.
A. Anglo-Saxon B. the Romans C. Greek D. Sanscrit
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T or F
1. A dog is called a “dog” because the sound and the three letters that make up the word automatically suggest the animal in question.
2. A word is a smallest meaningful unit that has a sound unity and a grammatical function.
3. Vocabulary is a term that can only be used to refer to the total number of words in a language.
4. .What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.
5. As the chief function of functional words is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. 填空
1. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called e_________ words.
2. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as l_________ words
3. D_______ is words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language
4. A________ are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling and these words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
5. A_____ refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it
Chapter 3 The development of the English Vocabulary
Exercises
1. The Indo-European language family consists of________. A. all the languages in Europe and India
B. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe. C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East
2. The Eastern set of Indo-European language family includes such languages as _____. A. Polish, Welsh and Hindi B. English, French and Russian C. German, Persian and Irish
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D. Armenian, Albanian and Bulgarian
3. The Germanic family consists of the four European languages: __________. A. Slovenian, Czech, Romany and Italic B. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish C. Scottish, Irish, Welsh and Breton D. Portuguese, Italian, English and German
4. _________ only made a small contribution to the English vocabulary. A. Latin B. Celtic C. Danish D. Spanish 5. The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________. A. Anglo-Saxons B. French speaking Normans C. Celts D. Jutes 6. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of _______.
A. translation-loans B. semantic loans C. word formation D. borrowings 7. Old English has a vocabulary of about _____ words.
A. 30,000 to 40,000 B. 50,000 to 60,000 C. 70,000 to 80,000 D. 80,000 to 90,000 8. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they _____. A. are complex words. B. are technical words
C. refer to the commonest things in life. D. denote the most important concepts. 9. Early Modem English refers to the language spoken___. A. from 1066 to 1500 B. from 1150 to 1500 C. from 1500 to 1700 D. from 1600 to 1800
10. ________ consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic
areas.
A. Slang B. Argot C. Dialect D. Jargon
11. Content words are ever growing in number while the functional words remain
______.
A. limited in use B. Unstable C. Active in change D. Stable 12. Which of the following group of words belong to the Denizens: A. confrere, wunderkind and mikado B. chopstick, silk and typhoon C. dream, gift and black humour D. die, skirt and husband
13. Germanic language branch of the Indo-European language family includes such
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languages as _____________.
A. Irish, French, and German B. Swedish, Dutch and English C. Polish, Slovenian and Welsh D. Greek, Italian and Icelandic 14. People generally refer to __________ as Old English. A. Celtic B. Breton C. Anglo-Saxon D. Romans 15. Modern English began _______ in England. A. with the establishment of printing B. with the placement of a Danish king C. with the arrival of Norman French speakers D. with the outbreak of the World War II T or F
1. English language is the language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles.
2. Old English was a language of full endings while Middle English was one of leveled endings.
3. In modern English period, borrowing is no longer an important channel of vocabulary expansion
4. In earlier stages of English, French, Latin, Greek and Scandinavian were the major contributors to the expansion of English vocabulary.
5. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquest which brought many Latin words into the English language 6. Old English has a vocabulary of about 20,000 to 90,000 words. 7. Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Modern English.
8. Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the English vocabulary. 填空（斜体为所填内容）
1. The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India
2. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and roman classics, which is known in history as the Renaissance
3. The introduction of Christianity at the end of the 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary.
4. Pronouns and numerals enjoy nation-wide use and stability, but have limited
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productivity and collocability ______.
5. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary or conventional.
6. When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclear context, it creates
polysemy.
Chapter 4 Word Formation (1)
Exercises
1. Write the terms in the blanks according to the definitions A. a minimal meaningful unit of a language ( morphem ) B. one of the variants that realize a morpheme ( allomorph )
C. a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme( bound ) D. a morpheme that can stand alone( free )
E. a morpheme attached to a base, stem or root( affix )
F. an affix that indicates grammatical relationships( inflectional ) G. what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes( root ) H. that part of a word that can take inflectional affixes( stem ) I. a form to which affixes of any kind can be added ( base ) 选择
1. A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be . A. affixational B. derivational C. free D. bound
2. Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as A. bound roots B. free morphemes C. inflectional morphemes D. derivational affixes
3. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a __________. A. root B. stem C. allomorph D. free morpheme 4. In the word “international”, “nation” is not a ______.
A. free morpheme B. base C. bound morpheme D. free root 5. A bound morpheme has to combine with other ______ to make words. A. morphemes B. allomorphs C. phonemes D. Lexemes 6. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in _____ words.
A. derived B. converted C. inflectional D. compound 7. _____ affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.