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是什么让人有别于电脑程序?我们的理论还没有解释的缺少的要素是什么?答案很简单:人们阅读报纸故事为了学习更多他们感兴趣的东西,而电脑不是。事实上,电脑甚至连兴趣都没有,当它们试图阅读时它们没有寻找任何特别的东西。如果一个电脑程序是理解故事模式,那它也是为了某个意图去阅读。

诚然,人类的意图若是被强加到电脑身上便没有任何意义。一个人可能会读就餐指南,只是为了解决饥饿或是有娱乐目的,也可能是为了寻找一个吃商务餐的好地方。电脑不会饿,也不吃商务餐。 然而,这些心理和社会目标会导致一些智力或者认知目标。一个想要解决饥饿的意图会促使这样的念头产生:找到一个提供我们想要的食物的餐厅,这餐厅叫什么名,价位如何,在什么位置等。我们把这些为了获取信息或者知识的目标叫做学习目标。电脑也能有这些目标;一台电脑也许“想要”寻找餐厅的方位,并且为了做得像一个人一样去阅读一个指南。虽然这样的目标就电脑来说不是产生于饥饿,但电脑很可能从这个目标去获得更多关于餐厅的信息。

第八篇:

Look on The Bright Side

Do you ever wish you were more optimistic, someone who always (1) ______to be successful? Having someone around who always (2) ______the worst isn't really a lot of (3) ______.We all krow someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, \important to do something (5) ______ it.

You can change your view of life, (6) ______to psychologists. It only takes a little effort, and you'll fmd life more rewarding as a (7) ______. Optimism, they say, is partly about self-respect and confidence, but it's also a more positive way of looking at life and all it has to (8) ______. Optimists are more (9) ______to start new projects and are generally more preparedto take risks2.

Upbringing is obviously very important in forming your (10) ______ to the world. Some people are brought up to (11) ______too much on others and grow up forever blaming other people when anything (12) ______wrong. Most optimists, on the (13) ______hand, have been brought up not to (14) ______failure as the end of the world一they just (15) ______with their lives. 词汇:

optimistic /,?pti'mistik/ adj.乐观的,乐观主义的 psychologist /sai'k?l?d?ist/ n.心理学家

rewarding /ri'w?:di?/ adj.有益的,值得的,有报酬的 upbringing /'?p,bri?i?/n.教养,养育,抚育 obviously /'?bvi?sli/ adv.明显地,显然地 blame /bleim/v.责备,归咎于

注释:

1. ?catch yourself thinking such things???发现自己在想这样的事情??

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2. ?are generally more prepared to take risks: ??通常更容易准备好去冒险 练习:

1. A) counted B) expected C) felt D) waited

2. A) worries B) cares C) fears D) doubts

3. A) amusement B) play C) enjoyment D) fun

4. A) so B) to C) for D) like

5. A) with B) against C) about D) over

6. A) judging B) according C) concerning D) following

7. A) result B) reason C) purpose D) product

8. A) supply B) suggest C) offer D) propose

9. A) possible B) likely C) hopeful D) welcome

10. A) opinion B) attitude C) view D) position

11. A) trust B) believe C) depend D) hope

12. A) goes B) falls C) comes D) turns

13. A) opposite B) next C) other D) far

14. A) regard B) respect C) suppose D) think

15. A) getup B) get on C) get out D) get over 答案与题解:

1. B 看到后面的不定式,应马上想到expect,这是常见搭配,意思是“期望做某事”,放在此处也符合句意,故选B。

2. C 此句大意为“若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人,我们一定没有什么乐趣”,此处符合逻辑的只有worry和fear,但worry要与about搭配,故C为正确答案。 3. D A, B, D都有“乐趣”的意思,但口语中常和a lot of搭配的只有fun,意为“很多乐趣”。

4. D look like意为“看起来像??,看上去要??”,符合句意,为正确答案。 5. C 此句意思为“对此采取一些措施是重要的”, A与D搭配不当,直接被排除,B选项against容易被误选,译为“采取措施来对抗它”,但此处的it是指代前面整句话,

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指这个状况、情况、事实。我们只能针对这个情况采取措施,不能去对抗它,C选项比较合理。

6. B according to固定搭配,意为“根据??”。

7. A as a result是个惯用短语,表示结果,意为“最后,结果,最终”。整句译为“只需一点儿努力,你将发现生活会回报你更多”。

8. C 此句的含义为“乐观主义也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度”。只有A与C与句意相符,但supply是不及物动词,须与介词with搭配,故C选项正确。

9. B 分析上下文意思,此处乐观主义者是更容易开始新项目,be likely to是习惯用法,译成 “倾向于,很有可能”,be possible to也有这样的意思,但主语一般是it,故选B。

10. B 想要表示“对??的看法,意见,态度”,可以用opinion about, view of,或是attitude to/ towards,根据惯用说法,B选项最为合适。 11. C 四个选项中只有depend能与on搭配,表示“依赖于??”,其他三个选项均为及物动词,因此答案是C。

12. A something goes wrong是习惯说法,意思是“出毛病,弄错,发生故障”,其他选项不能这样搭配。

13. C 此处涉及的惯用说法是on the one hand?,on the other hand?,翻译成“一方面??,另一方面??”C为正确答案。

14. A regard ... as?是固定搭配,意为“把??看做??”, A为正确答案,D选项容易干扰应试者的判断,但具有“把??看做??”含义的短语应为think of ... as?。 15. B 本题涉及的两个固定搭配为get on with和get over with,前者意为“继续??”,为正确答案,后者意为“完成,结束,做完了事”。 第八篇 看光明的一面

你曾经想要让自己变得更乐观吗?想过让自己变成一个总是期待成功的人吗?若是周围有个总是往事情最坏处考虑的人,我们一定没有什么乐趣——就像我们都知道某些人看到天空有一片云便说要下雨。但是你要是发现自己也这样想了,那就有必要针对它采取一些措施了。

根据心理学家的说法,人们可以改变对生活的看法。只需一点儿努力,你将发现生活会回报给你的更多。人们说乐观主义在一定程度上是自尊和自信,但它也是对待生活的和它所给予的一种积极态度。乐观主义者更有可能开始新的项目,通常也更容易准备好去承担风险。 很显然,成长经历对于你对待世界的态度的形成是至关重要的。有些人养成了过于依赖别人的习惯,一旦事情出了差错,便责备他人。然而另一方面,许多乐观主义者被教导,不要把失败当成世界末日,只需继续生活。

第九篇:

The First Bicycle

The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count de Sivrac (1) ______ onlookers in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifere. It was basically an (2) ______ version of a children’s toy which had been in (3) ______ for many years. Sivrac’s “celerifere” had a wooden frame, made in the (4) ______ of horse, which was mounted on a wheel at either end1. To ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modern bicycle,

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and pushed (5) ______ against the (6) ______ with your legs — there were no pedals. It was impossible to steer a celerifere and it had no brakes, but despite these problems the invention very much (7) ______to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were (8) ______ races up and down the streets.

Minor (9) ______ were common as riders attempted a final burst of2 (10) ______. Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change (11) ______ was to pull up the front of the “celerifere” and (12) ______ it round while the front wheel was (13) ______ in the air. “Celeriferes” were not popular for long, however, as the (14) ______ of no springs, no steering and rough roads made riding them very uncomfortable. Even so, the wooden celerifere was the (15) ______ of the modern bicycle. 词汇:

count /kaunt/ n.伯爵

onlooker /'?n,luk?/ n.观众 pedal /'pedl/ n.踏板,脚蹬子 steer /sti?/v.驾驶,操纵,控制 brake /breik/ n.闸,刹车

burst /b?:st/v.爆发,突发,爆炸 spring /spri?/ n.弹簧

rough /r?f/ adj.粗糙的,不平整的

注释:

1. ...which was mounted on a wheel at either end:??两端都装上了轮子

2. ?as riders attempteda final burst of speed:??当骑手尝试最后冲刺的时候 练习:

1. A) delighted B) cheered C) appreciated D) overjoyed

2. A) increased B) enormous C) extended D) enlarged

3. A) use B) play C) operation D) service

4. A) resemblance B) shape C) body D) appearance

5. A) fast B) deeply C) heavily D) hard

6. A) surface B) ground C) earth D) floor

7. A) attracted B) appealed C) took D) called

8. A) goi4g B) getting C) holding D) making

9. A) wounds B) trips C) injuries

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D) breaks

10. A) velocity B) energy C) pace D) speed

11. A) direction B) route C) heading D) way

12. A) roIl B) drive C) turn D) revolve

13. A) cycling B) circling C) winding D) spinning

14. A) mixture B) link C) combination D) union

15. A) origin B)design C) model D) introduction 答案与题解:

l. A 根据句意,西夫拉克伯爵使公园里的观众都感到高兴,能表示“使??高兴”意思的只有A和D,而D选项overjoy意思为“使??过度兴奋,狂喜”,感情色彩过于强烈,这里应填,delight“使??喜悦”。

2. D 一开始发明的自行车应该是个儿童玩具的扩大版,increased“增加的”,enormous“巨大的”,extended“延伸的”均不合题意。

3. A 此处有三个选项都可以与in搭配,in use“在使用中”,in operation“生效,运行中”,in service“服务中”,只有in use填入此空符合逻辑,故选择A。

4. B 最早的自行车是用木头支架做成马的形状,弄懂意思后答案一目了然,resemblance意为 “相似,相似物”,appearance“外貌,外观”。

S.D 此处意思为“用脚使劲蹬地”,故选hard。heavily意为“沉重地,猛烈地”。

6. B 四个选项都跟“地”有点关系,surface“表面”,ground“地面,土地”,earth“泥土,陆地”,floor“地板,地面”,比较之后,只有ground比较合适。 7. B appeal to意思为“吸引”,attract本身就是及物动词“吸引”,后不需要加介词to,take to意为“开始喜欢,开始从事”。

8. C hold races在这里是“举行赛跑”的意思,其他选项不合题意。

9. C 人们在最后冲刺的时候,受点小伤是很常见的。只有wound和injury有“受伤,伤害”的意思,wound做名词一般指“伤口,受伤的地方”,injury指“小伤”,为正确答案。

10. D 此处表示“最后猛一冲刺”,一定是速度很快,除了B选项之外的三个选项都有“速度” 之意,velocity“速率,速度”,为科学用语,pace“步调,步法”,speed“速度”,是常用词,故选D。

11. A 此处的意思是“改变方向”,并不是要改变路线,只有A选项符合题意。

12. C 想要改变行车方向需要抬起车头在空中掉转,turn round为惯用搭配,意为“旋转,掉转”,roll和revolve本身就有“旋转”的意思,后面不需加round。

13. D 这四个选项都有“转圈”的意思,cycle“循环,骑自行车”,circle“旋转,环绕移动”,wind“缠绕,上发条”,spin“自旋,纺纱”,此处主语为wheel,轮子在空中一定是“自旋”,因此选D。

14. C 四个选项都有“综合”的意思,mixture表示“混合,混合物”,link“连接,结