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专题二十二 词类转换（构词法）

重难点分析

英语在表达句子时，根据句子成分的不同需用不同的词性，如作主语或宾语常用名词形式，作定语常用形容词形式，而作状语则用副词形式，这就需要词类转换了。词类转换是英语构词法中最普遍也是最重要的一种构词现象。此外，词类转换是历年高考语法填空和短文改错的必考点，年年必有，考生应予以特别重视！本专题就词类转换进行详细讲解，供考生学习和参考。

真题再练

1. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it __________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people living in Shanghai and Hong Kong.

2. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their __________ (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.

3. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat __________ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house.

4. As __________ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly how thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.

5. The river was so polluted that it __________ (actual) caught fire and burned. 6. Just be __________ (patience).

7. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers __________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.

思路点拨

当空格处所需词类与括号中所给词的词类不同时，就需要词类转换。这类题，一般可根据以下5点顺利解决：

1. 作主语或宾语用名词形式。如：

But Jane knew from past experience that her __________ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. 解析：在that引导的宾语从句中作主语应当用名词，或者说在形容词性物主代词her后还没有名词，一定是用名词形式，故填choice。

2. 在形容词性物主代词、冠词(+形容词)、不定代词(some, any, a lot of等)、介词后还没有名词时，就用名词形式。如[真题再练]第2题。

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3. 作定语、表语或宾语补足语用形容词形式。如[真题再练]第4、6题，分别是作定语和表语。又如： I consider it __________ (use) for us to use English-English dictionary.

解析：句中it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式，所给词在句中作宾补，要用形容词，表示“有益的、有用的”，故填useful。

4. 作状语，修饰动词、形容词或另一副词或放在句首修饰全句，用副词。如[真题再练]第1、3、7题，都是修饰动词，用副词。又如：

(1) When we were wondering what to do, the manager came out. She was __________ (surprise) helpful. 解析：句中已有作表语的形容词helpful，要用副词来修饰helpful；由语境句意可知，是指“意外地”有帮助，故填surprisingly。

(2) __________ (lucky), he had a cow which produced milk every day.

解析：空格位于句首，且有逗号隔开，可知是修饰全句，用副词作状语；“有一头每天都产牛奶的母牛”应当是“幸运地”，故填Luckily。

5. 当所给词的词性与与空格处所需词的词性相同时，无需改变词性，就可能是只改变词义但不改变词性的前缀或后缀了，也可能用其比较级或最高级。如：

In Alaska, the wolf almost __________ (appear) a few years ago, because hunters were killing hundreds of them for sport.

解析：主句缺谓语，应填动词，而appear本身就是动词，无需作词性变化，可考虑变词义；由because从句可知，主句意思应是“狼在几年前就差不多消失了”，要用disappear；再由a few years ago可知，要用一般过去时，故填disappeared。

注意：解题时，既要根据句子结构需要确定词类，又要考虑句意连贯或逻辑通顺。如： He failed his maths examination because of his __________ (care) work.

解析：在名词前作定语，要用形容词；由failed…可知，要填表示否定意义的“careless”(粗心大意的)，意义才通顺。

考点归纳

在高考全国卷中出现的考纲词的派生词是不算生词的，也不用汉语注明，因此，掌握基本的构词法知识非常重要。

从近年全国卷的语法填空来看，词类转换考查了以下几点： (1) 形容词→副词。如[真题再练]的第1、3、5、7四个小题。 (2) 形容词→名词。如[真题再练]的第2题。

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(3) 名词→形容词。如[真题再练]的第4、6题。

但从10年来的全国高考卷来看，除了上述考点外，词类转换还考了：(1)动词→名词：choose → choice；(2)动词→副词：surprise → surprisingly等等。现将主要考点归纳如下：

1. 形容词与副词的转换 1 2 3 规律总结 一般直接加ly 辅音字母+y→ily -ble→bly 请写出下列形容词的副词形式 quick→_______; rude→_______; wide→_______; real→_______; careful→_______ easy→_______; angry→_______; happy→_______; heavy→_______; busy→_______ possible→_______; probable→_______; terrible→_______; noble→______; comfortable →_______ 4 (个别)去e加ly true→_______; simple→_______ 5 以-ic结尾加ally basic→_______; classic→_______; magic→_______; optimistic→_______; whole→_______; gentle→_______; ample→_______; scientific→_______; 但public→_______

2. 名词与形容词的转换 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 规律总结 +al -ture→tural -ics→ical +ern +ible +ful +ish +ous -ance→ant 请写出下列名词的形容词形式或形容词的名词形式 music→_______; person→_______; nation→_______; centre→_______; practice→____ nature→_______; culture→_______; agriculture→_______; architecture→______ politics→_______; physics→_______; mathematics→_______; statistics→_____ east→_______; west→_______; south→_______; north→_______; southwest→_______ access→_______; horror→_______; terror→_______ success→______; power→______; peace→______; mercy→______; beauty→______ fool→_______; self→_______; child→_______ danger→______; anxiety→______; ambition→______; curiosity→_____; humor →____ importance→________; significance→________; distance→________ absence→_________; silence→_________; difference→_________; convenience→____ fluency→________; efficiency→________; emergency→________; urgency→_____ friend→_______ day→_______; time→_______; man→_______; mother→________ able→_________; responsible→_________; possible→_________; flexible→_________ 10 -ence→ent 11 -ency→ent 12 +ly 13 -ble→bility 3

14 +y; 去e, +y; 双写, +y 15 adj.+ness→n. 16 adj. +th→n. 17 -ate→acy 18 其他各类 health→_______; sleep→_______; difficult→_______; noise→_______; sun→_______ weak→_________; kind→_________; ill→_________; sad→_________; happy→_____ strong→_______; long→_______; wide→_______; warm→_______; true→_________ accurate→_________; private→_________; adequate→_________ free→_______; wise→_______; cruel→_______; safe→_______; tire→_______; trouble→_______; history→_______; science→_______; brave→_______; short→_____

3. 动词与名词的转换 1 2 3 4 5 规律总结 +ation 去e, +ation 去e, +tion 去e, +ion +ion 请写出下列动词的名词形式 expect→_________; present→_________; 注意：explain→_________ invite→______; educate→______; examine→______; prepare→_____; pronounce→___ produce→_________; introduce→_________; 注意：describe→_________ devote→_________; pollute→_________; contribute→_________; revise→_________ act→_______; attract→_______; protect→_______; suggest→_______; 注意：intend→_______ discuss→_________; express→_________; possess→_________; impress→_________ 6 7 去t/d/de, +sion admit→______; permit→______; extend→______; conclude→______; divide →______ +ance; 去+ance 8 9 +ence +ment exist→_______; prefer→_______; refer→_______; differ→_______; depend→_______ achieve→______; agree→_____; announce→_____; develop→_____; encourage→_____ arrive→_________; approve→_________; survive→_________; refuse→_________ fail→_________; press→_________; depart→_________; mix→_________ recover→_________; discover→_________ choose→_______; vary→_______; tend→_______; advise→_______; apologize→____; classify→_______; grow→_______

4. 动词与形容词的转换

e, appear→_________; perform→_________; acquaint→_________; guide→_________ 10 去e, +al 11 +ure 12 +y 13 其他 4