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4. For example, great efforts are made by the American tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa– where U.S. tobacco exports increased by more than 27% in 1994. 例如,美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟,在这些地区,美国烟草出口量在1994年增加了27%以上。

5.We are deeply convinced of the correctness of this plan and firmly determined to accomplish it. 我们深信这一计划是正确的,并有坚定的决心完成这一计划。

6. Time Warner will pay TCI 360 million for Southern Satellite company. 时代华纳愿付给TCI3.6亿美元购买南方卫星这家公司。

7) There is a popular belief among consumers that goods are no longer in high quality as before. 消费者们普遍认为物品的质量大不如前了。

8. The sight of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games filled me with special longing. 看着奥运会的开幕式,我特别神往。

9. Independence is a necessity in her life. 她在生活中必须自立。

10. Sorry, I can’t teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 对不起,我不会教你游泳,我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。

11. The selling plan may become available during the next year. 销售计划可能明年出台。 12.革命不是请客吃饭。 Revolution is not a dinner party.

13.绝对不许违反这个原则。 No violation of this principle can be tolerated. 14.中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹,在全世界引起了巨大的反响。

China’s successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.

15.该厂产品的主要特点是工艺精湛,经久耐用。

The products of this factory are chiefly characterized by their fine workmanship and endurable application.

16. 共产党员应该吃苦在前,享受在后。

Communists should be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 17. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs. 读一点世界史,对学习时事是有帮助的。

18. On the walk through the city they saw breadlines.

在走过市区的时候,她们看见领救济食物的人排着长队。 19. He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. 他倒是不抽烟,但他爸爸却一支又一支不停地抽。

20. He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。

21. 地球的形状像一个大球。 The earth is shaped like a big ball. 22. 他看到她很惊讶。 He looked at her in surprise. 23. 我读过你的小说但是没料到你这么年轻。

After having read your novel, I expected that you would be older. 6.4 不同译文鉴赏 见书P59 6.5 商务词汇摘译简析 6.6 翻译练习 见书P60-62

Chapter 7 词义引申翻译法

7.1 翻译理论讲解

根据原文中某个词语的基本意义而在译文中根据译文表达需要和行文需要而衍生出新义的

方法,在翻译教学和翻译研究中称之为词义引申翻译法。 分类:

1)从词义角度看,引申可分为抽象化引申和具体化引申两种。

抽象化引申:原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词,采用汉语中的含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。

具体化引申:原文本是用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物时,在译文中用具体化的事物来表达

2)从句法层面来看,引申又可分为根据逻辑需要而进行的引申、根据语用需要而进行的引申和根据修辞需要而进行的引申。

英语单词的意义非常依赖语境或上下文。英语中有诸如“要知道一个词的意思就要看他周围是什么词”,“词本无义,义随人生;”

3)从翻译的角度看,如果一个译者非常善于运用引申翻译法,就说明该译者有着较为丰富的翻译实践经验和较为高超的语言能力和翻译能力。

(所以说,这单元的例句句句经典,句句需要牢记在心,以备有时候拿出来撑撑门面) 7.2 课前练笔

Not all mergers, however, are the result of global economic trends, political change or technological innovation. BMW’s takeover of the struggling UK car manufacturer whilst extending BMW’s product range. 参考译文:

然而,并非所有的合并都是经济全球化趋势、政治变化或者技术革新所带来的结果。德国宝马汽车公司接管了罗福汽车集团,这给这个在挣扎中求生存的英国汽车制造公司注入了急需的资金,同时也拓展了宝马汽车公司本身的产品范围。 7.3 翻译方法讲解

引申:逻辑引申、语用引申、修辞性引申和词义概念范围的调整 1、逻辑引申:

不能直译,只能根据上下文逻辑关系,对原文由表及里,选用确切的词句,将内容实质准确地表达出来。

例:——Our unique concept was a response to buyer needs, bringing greater reliability, higher-quality output, exceptional user-friendliness and operational ease.

译文:我们唯一的理念就是:对于购买者的需求有求必应,生产可靠性更高、质量更优的产品,让他们使用时特别方便,操作时特别轻松。

例:——International trade occurs when a country does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.

译文:当一个国家对于某一特定商品没有足够的量来满足其需要时,就需要有国际贸易。 2、语用引申(就是把言外之意,弦外之音翻译出来)

--The EEC’s Common Agricultural policy is a dinosaur which is adding 13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.

欧洲经济共同体的农业共同政策早已不合时宜了,它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出13.50英镑。 例:——These days, the U.S. economy isn’t “graduating enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,” frets Charles C. Leighton, “That’s a real concern.”

译文:近来,美国经济“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要,” 查尔斯C.莱顿抱怨说,“这才是真正需要关注的问题。” 3、修辞性引申

为使译文增色,除真实再现原文中所包含的内容外,还得讲究修辞。

例:——It is very much like communicating with an accurate robot who has a very small vocabulary and who takes everything literally.

译文:那很像同一个一丝不苟的机器人讲话那样,机器人只有很少的词汇,而且事事刻板。 例:

----The most successful manufacturers make it their business to understand consumer psychology—how to use design, both in marketing and production, to make their products “speak” to the consumer.

最成功的制造商总是把了解消费者心理,即在营销和生产中如何运用设计来让产品向消费者“表达情感”,作为职责。

4、词义概念范围的调整(扩大或缩小)

这种引申有三个层次:近似、深化、升华。

近似引申,即接近本义,但不为本义所限的引申;

深化引申,指赋予新义,但与本义在字面上尚有蛛丝马迹的联系; 升华引申,则出自本义但在字面上远离本义。

例:----In their rush, these companies have neglected the hardest part of doing business in China; the people part. The result is that many have jeopardized their performance in the long run.

这些公司在一拥而入中忽略了在中国经营最艰巨的问题,即人的问题,结果许多公司严重损害了他们的远期经营业绩。

例:---The computer makes possible a marvelous leap in human proficiency; it pulls down the fences around the practical and even the theoretical intelligence. 译文: 计算机是人类的能力有可能产生巨大的飞跃;它拓展了人类从事实践工作甚至理论工作的智慧。

7.4 不同译文鉴赏 见书P68-69 7.5 翻译练习 8.1 课前练笔

Extremely keen competition between American and Japanese vehicle manufacturers in the American market has compelled us to bring down the price for the time being.

Banks’ efforts toward corporate restructuring, such as reducing their employees’ high salaries and consolidating and eliminating branches, are far from adequate. 参考译文: 1)美国汽车制造商同日本汽车制造商在美国市场上竞争异常激烈,这迫使我方将价格暂时降下来。

2)各家银行对公司进行了重组,如减少雇员的高工资,整合或撤销不同的分公司等,但这些努力还都远远难以凑效。 8.2 翻译理论介绍及讲解

英语和汉语的基本句子结构都是“主+谓+宾”。

主语是句子的主体,在全句中起着主导作用,整个句子都是为说明主语而发展的,翻译时抓住了主语就等于找到了主要矛盾。

但是,由于英汉两种语言在思维方式、文化传统及语法结构等方面都存在差异,因而导致了两种语言在主语上的差异。 这种差异主要体现在:

英语是主语突出(Subject-prominent)的语言,英语里通常所说的主语是指语法主语; 从语法意义上讲 ,英语的主语不可或缺 ,且只能由名词/名词短语或主格代词担当,其它词类

做主语必须转化成名词性质的短语 ,如不定式、动名词形式;

从语义上讲,主语可以是施事,也可以是受事。充当主语的,可以是有生命名词和无生命的名词。无生命的或不能主动发出动作的名词主语常称为“物称主语”或“无灵主语”。 句子通常是“主语+谓语”结构。

而汉语则是主题突出的(Topic-prominent)语言。在以人为本的汉语中则较少使用无生命的名词充当主语,多用人称主语。句子多是“主题+述体”结构。 总结而言,英汉语主语差异体现在: 1)英语主语明确,汉语主语隐含。

如:1、近来忙于其他事务,未能早些复信,深感抱歉。

I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.

2. 英语常用物称主语,汉语常用人称主语。

如: 2、The thought of returning filled him with fear. 他一想到要返回去,心里就害怕. 3、What has happened to you? 你出了什么事啦? 3.英语主语抽象,汉语主语具体。 如:4、The happiness, the superior advantages of the young women round about her, gave Rebecca inexpressible pangs of envy.(W.Thackeray:Vanity Fair)

丽贝卡看见她周围的小姐那么有福气,享受种种优越的权利,却有说不出的眼红。

因此,英汉两种语言对译时,常需要转换主语,主要包括:主语对译、改变原句主语或添加主语、将英语主谓结构译成汉语无主句、译成汉语的“主题-述题”结构。

1)主语对译。多数情况下,英语和汉语的主语是相对应的,翻译时可直接将原文的主语译为译文的主语。

如:5、找工作时外表的吸引力由于人们交流的短暂而显得比过去更重要。

Appearance attraction is more important in the job-market than ever before owing to the shorter communications. 6、He owed his success to luck more than to capacity. 他把自己的成功归于运气,而不是能力。 7、His illness left him weak. 疾病使他虚弱。

8、Illness deprives him of life. 疾病夺走了他的生命。

9、Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot. 良好教养能打开最佳学历所打不开的门。 2)改变原句主语或添加主语。

当英汉句子主谓结构不能对应时,为了符合译入语的习惯,需要改变原文主语,或在译文中添加主语。这种情况多为无生命名词作主语的英语句子如:

10、From the moment we stepped into the People’s Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.

一踏上中华人民共和国国土,我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾。 11、That night sleep eluded him. 那天夜里他没睡好。 12、His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。 他于是下了决心, 一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下休息。 13、语言这个东西不是随便可以学好的,非下苦功不可。

The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. 14、The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. 由于天气寒冷刺骨,人人都已躲进了室内。 15、Losing his wallet made him feel low. 因为丢了钱包他闷闷不乐的。