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problems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of partycommittees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \s a vivid manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \does not support\not to agree\ppy\, \promise\nd destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \d and developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\lways maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadreshould develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party单片机基础知识

单片机的外部结构： 1、 DIP40双列直插；

2、 P0，P1，P2，P3四个8位准双向I/O引脚；（作为I/O输入时，要先输出高电平） 3、电源VCC（PIN40）和地线GND（PIN20）；

4、高电平复位RESET（PIN9）；（10uF电容接VCC与RESET，即可实现上电复位） 5、内置振荡电路，外部只要接晶体至X1（PIN18）和X0（PIN19）；（频率为主频的12倍） 6、程序配置EA（PIN31）接高电平VCC；（运行单片机内部ROM中的程序） 7、 P3支持第二功能：RXD、TXD、INT0、INT1、T0、T1

单片机内部I/O部件：(所为学习单片机，实际上就是编程控制以下I/O部件，完成指定任务) 1、四个8位通用I/O端口，对应引脚P0、P1、P2和P3；

2、两个16位定时计数器；（TMOD，TCON，TL0，TH0，TL1，TH1） 3、一个串行通信接口；（SCON，SBUF） 4、一个中断控制器；（IE，IP）

针对AT89C52单片机，头文件AT89x52.h给出了SFR特殊功能寄存器所有端口的定义。教科书的160页给出了针对MCS51系列单片机的C语言扩展变量类型。

C语言编程基础：

1、十六进制表示字节0x5a：二进制为B；0x6E为。

2、如果将一个16位二进数赋给一个8位的字节变量，则自动截断为低8位，而丢掉高8位。 3、 ++var表示对变量var先增一；var—表示对变量后减一。 4、 x |= 0x0f;表示为 x = x | 0x0f;

5、 TMOD = ( TMOD & 0xf0 ) | 0x05;表示给变量TMOD的低四位赋值0x5，而不改变TMOD的高四位。 6、 While( 1 ); 表示无限执行该语句，即死循环。语句后的分号表示空循环体，也就是{;}

第一章单片机最小应用系统：

单片机最小系统的硬件原理接线图：

1、接电源：VCC（PIN40）、GND（PIN20）。加接退耦电容0.1uF

2、接晶体：X1（PIN18）、X2（PIN19）。注意标出晶体频率（选用12MHz），还有辅助电容30pF 3、接复位：RES（PIN9）。接上电复位电路，以及手动复位电路，分析复位工作原理 4、接配置：EA（PIN31）。说明原因。具体接法如下图所示：

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \sentative\Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \hening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \hrough our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\st political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \d out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leading cadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the massesproblems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of partycommittees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \s a vivid manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \does not support\not to agree\ppy\promise\nd destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committee made on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \d and developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\lways maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadreshould develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party

第二章基本I/O口的应用。

例1：用P1口输出一倍频方波。

#include //reg52.h为包含51资源的库文件 void main ( void ) { }

注意：P0的每个引脚要输出高电平时，必须外接上拉电阻（如4K7）至VCC电源。例2：用P1口输出一倍频方波,要求能用万用表测出方波。其实，只需要在上面的程序中添加延时程序即可。 #include void main ( void ) { }

unsigned int i,j; while (1==1) { }

++P1;

for (i=0;i<1000;i++)

for(j=0;j<1000;j++); //该循环是一个大概的延时，具体时间要看汇编语言的指令才能判断。 while (1==1) { }

++P1; //使P1口加一完成一倍频方波，

unsigned char m,n; //定义两个中间变量完成交换过程 unsigned int i,j; while (1) { } }

注意：一个字节的8位D7、D6至D0，分别输出到P3.7、P3.6至P3.0，比如P3=0x0f，则P3.7、P3.6、P3.5、P3.4四个引脚都输出低电平，而P3.3、P3.2、P3.1、P3.0四个引脚都输出高电平。同样，输入一个端口P2，n = 0; ++m;

for(i=0;i<1000;i++)

for(j=0;j<1000;j++);

即是将P2.7、P2.6至P2.0，读入到一个字节的8位D7、D6至D0。

第三章显示驱动

数码管的接法和驱动原理

一支七段数码管实际由8个发光二极管构成，其中7个组形构成数字8的七段笔画，所以称为七段数码管，而余下的1个发光二极管作为小数点。作为习惯，分别给8个发光二极管标上记号：a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h。对应8的顶上一画，按顺时针方向排，中间一画为g，小数点为h。

我们通常又将各二极与一个字节的8位对应，a(D0),b(D1),c(D2),d(D3),e(D4),f(D5),g(D6),h(D7)，相应8个发光二极管正好与单片机一个端口Pn的8个引脚连接，这样单片机就可以通过引脚输出高低电平控制8个发光二极的亮与灭，从而显示各种数字和符号；对应字节，引脚接法为：a(Pn.0)，b(Pn.1)，c(Pn.2)，d(Pn.3)，e(Pn.4)，f(Pn.5)，g(Pn.6)，h(Pn.7)。

如果将8个发光二极管的负极（阴极）内接在一起，作为数码管的一个引脚，这种数码管则被称为共阴数码管，共同的引脚则称为共阴极，8个正极则为段极。否则，如果是将正极（阳极）内接在一起引出的，则称为共阳数码管，共同的引脚则称为共阳极，8个负极则为段极。

以单支共阴数码管为例，可将段极接到某端口Pn，共阴极接GND，则可编写出对应十六进制码的七段码表字节数据如下图：

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