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文献信息：

文献标题：Supply Chains of Cross-Border e-Commerce（跨境电子商务供应链）

国外作者：Arkadiusz Kawa

文献出处：《Advanced Topics in Intelligent Information and Database Systems》,2017.173-183

字数统计：英文3507单词，18322字符；中文5561汉字

外文文献：

Supply Chains of Cross-Border e-Commerce

AbstractA feature of e-commerce is worldwide coverage. Almost any person or company can be a customer of an online shop. However, this common availability is in practice quite apparent. Despite the dynamic development of e-commerce, communication in other languages, the form of payment, currency, legal and tax conditions, as well as the delivery of products remain barriers to the free cross-border flow. The article focuses on the last factor mentioned above. The lack of delivery of goods to a distant place or a relatively long time and high cost of providing the purchased product hinders further development of e-commerce. This problem can be solved by introducing an intermediary that consolidates shipments from many retailers and delivers them to many clients scattered in different corners of the world.

The main contribution of this article is to develop a model facilitating cooperation between online shops dealing with cross-border trade. The purpose of the idea is to reduce costs and accelerate the delivery of goods ordered abroad via the Internet.

Keywords: e-commerce, cross-border, supply chain, CEP (courier, express and postal) industry

1.Introduction

The rapid development of the Internet, and thus also e-commerce, has created new distribution channels for many trading, service and manufacturing companies. According to the European Commission, e-commerce is one of the main factors leading to better prosperity and competitiveness of Europe. It has significant potential that may contribute to economic growth and employment. It is expected that its further development will have far-reaching effects, perhaps even exceeding the changes that concerned trade over the past several decades. Physical presence while shopping is becoming less and less important. Customers buy products, placing orders electronically, and the purchased goods are delivered to their workplaces, homes, click & collect points and parcel lockers. Placing ordering in this way replaces the trip to a store, and the delivery of the consignment eliminates the way back with the purchased goods.

In contrast with traditional trade, online shopping is inseparably associated with the delivery to the final customer (so-called last mile), i.e. the most complicated and costly process in the whole supply chain. Internet retail businesses carry out a very large number of small orders. Unfortunately, there are delays in deliveries about which buyers are not informed at all. Customers often do not have too much influence on the choice of the company that will deliver the goods, either. The delivery of the goods is most frequently performed by CEP (courier, express and postal) companies.

Additionally, more and more attention has recently been paid to expanding business activities beyond the borders of a single country. Sellers look for new buyers abroad, while customers want to have a greater choice of suppliers. A trend in e- commerce arises, then, which is defined as cross-border trade. It is particularly evident in the countries of the European Union. It is based on selling products to customers who are located in another country. However, it is related to several problems, such as a high cost and long delivery time, language barriers, different legal regulations and taxes, etc. The high cost and long delivery time are, in turn, associated with the aforementioned problem of the last mile, but also with the problem of the relatively small flow of goods between countries which is realized by a single CEP operator. So the economies of scale do not take place yet.

Therefore, there is a real need to offer e-commerce to retailers and to, indirectly, recommend comprehensive services to their customers, which would include, on the one hand, logistics services in Europe, and, on the other hand, full information on the quality of the service.

The aim of this article is to develop a model of an intermediary facilitating cooperation between online shops dealing with cross-border trade. This model is expected to contribute to cost reduction and acceleration of the delivery of goods ordered abroad via the Internet.

The structure of the article is as follows. Section 2 describes the electronic cross- border trade in Europe. Section 3 presents logistical problems in e-commerce. Section 4 proposes the above-mentioned model. Section 5 summarizes the article and points to future directions of the research.

2.Cross-border e-commerce in Europe

Currently, e-commerce can be divided into several trends in the field of logistics, which will determine further development of the CEP industry. These are: reverse logistics, same-day delivery, development of new models of cooperation in logistics (dropshipping, fulfillment, one-stop e-commerce), broker services and cross-border transport. This article focuses on the latter trend.

Cross-border e-commerce still has a relatively small share in the whole market of e-commerce. In 2014, approx. 15% of the EU inhabitants made a purchase from sellers from a different country. This represents an increase in the share of this type of trade by 25% compared to the previous year. Not everywhere, however, is cross- border e-commerce equally developed. For example, in 2014 only 4% of Poles made a purchase on the Internet from a seller located in another country, which placed Poland on the penultimate place in the European Union. Most foreign shopping is done by Luxembourgers (65%) and Austrians (40%), and the least by Romanians (1%). The EU average is 15%.

The total value of the commodity circulation in e-commerce within individual