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2010-2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）、（二）完整真题及参考答案 ant05

6. [A]turns [B]finds [C]points [D]figures 2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM) 7. [A]roundabouts [B]responses [C]workouts [D]associations

8. [A]genre [B]functions [C]circumstances [D]criterion Section I Use of English

9. [A]channel [B]condition [C]sequence [D]process Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], 10. [A]persist [B]believe [C]excel [D]feature [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) 11. [A] Therefore [B] Moreover [C] Otherwise [D] However As many people hit middle age, they often start to notice that their memory and mental 12. [A]according to [B]regardless of [C]apart from [D]instead of clarity are not what they used to be. We suddenly can’t remember 1 we put the keys just 13. [A]back [B]further [C]aside [D]around a moment ago, or an old acquaintance’s name, or the name of an old band we used to love. 14. [A]sharpness [B]stability [C]framework [D]flexibility As the brain 2 , we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments.” 3 seemingly 15. [A]forces [B]reminds [C]hurries [D]allows innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a(n) 4 mpact on our professional, 16. [A]hold [B]track [C]order [D]pace social, and personal 5 17. [A]to [B]with [C]for [D]on Neuroscientists, experts who study the nervous system, are increasingly showing that 18. [A]irregularly [B]habitually [C]constantly [D]unusually there’s actually a lot that can be done. It 6 out that the brain needs exercise in much the 19. [A]carry [B]put [C]build [D]take same way our muscles do, and the right mental 7 can significantly improve our basic 20. [A]risky [B]effective [C]idle [D]familiar cognitive 8 . Thinking is essentially a 9 of making connections in the brain. To a certain extent, our ability to 10 in making the connections that drive intelligence is Section II Reading Comprehension inherited. 11 , because these connections are made through effort and practice, scientists Part A believe that intelligence can expand and fluctuate 12 mental effort. Directions: Now, a new Web-based company has taken it a step 13 and developed the first Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], \ [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) 14 . Text 1

The Web-based program 15 you to systematically improve your memory and In order to \attention skills. The program keeps 16 of your progress and provides detailed feedback Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the \work search\scheme. Only if the 17 your performance and improvement. Most importantly, it 18 modifies and jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for enhances the games you play to 19 on the strengths you are developing—much like a(n) work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than 20 exercise routine requires you to increase resistance and vary your muscle use. fortnightly. What could be more reasonable? 1. [A]where [B]when [C]that [D]why More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the 2. [A]improves [B]fades [C]recovers [D]collapses jobseeker’s allowance. \3. [A]If [B]Unless [C]Once [D]While to sign on.\le stay 4. [A]uneven [B]limited [C]damaging [D]obscure off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.\5. [A]wellbeing [B]environment [C]relationship [D]outlook this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete

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2010-2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）、（二）完整真题及参考答案 ant05

with \to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the

newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for \— protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency — permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase \allowance\— invented in 1996 — is about redefining the unemployed as a \who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited \conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ￡71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.

21. George Osborne’s scheme was intended to ______.

[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits [B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking [C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily [D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits

22. The phrase, \ [A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre

[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance [C]to register for an allowance from the government

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[D]to attend a governmental job-training program 23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme? [A]A desire to secure a better life for all. [B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed. [C]An urge to be generous to the claimants. [D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel ______.

[A]uneasy [B]enraged [C]insulted [D]guilty 25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree? [A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness. [B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment. [C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs. [D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.

Text 2

All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession—with the possible exception of journalism. But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

During the decade before the economic crisis, spending on legal services in America grew twice as fast as inflation. The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools. But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. Many of them instead become the kind of nuisance-lawsuit filer that makes the tort system a costly nightmare.

There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam. This leaves today’s average law-school graduate with $100,000 of debt on top of undergraduate debts. Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.

Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers. Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. One idea is to allow people to study law as an

2010-2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）、（二）完整真题及参考答案 ant05

undergraduate degree. Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law

school. If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to

do so. Students who do not need the extra training could cut their debt mountain by a third.

The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. Except in the District of Columbia, non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm. This keeps fees high and innovation slow. There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency. After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow.

26. A lot of students take up law as their profession due to ______.

[A]the growing demand from clients [B]the increasing pressure of inflation [C]the prospect of working in big firms [D]the attraction of financial rewards 27. Which of the following adds to the costs of legal education in most American states? [A]Higher tuition fees for undergraduate studies. [B]Admissions approval from the bar association. [C]Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major. [D]Receiving training by professional associations.

28. Hindrance to the reform of the legal system originates from ______. [A]lawyers’ and clients’ strong resistance [B]the rigid bodies governing the profession [C]the stem exam for would-be lawyers [D]non-professionals’ sharp criticism

29. The guild-like ownership structure is considered \ [A]bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession [B]keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares

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[C]aggravates the ethical situation in the trade

[D]prevents lawyers from gaining due profits 30. In this text, the author mainly discusses ______.

[A]flawed ownership of America’s law firms and its causes [B]the factors that help make a successful lawyer in America [C]a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it [D]the role of undergraduate studies in America’s legal education

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in science. What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels, The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism. Some want to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the life sciences include. But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course, themselves