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贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

摘 要

在当今这个经济飞速发展的时代，全球化跨文化交际活动越来越频繁。寒暄语，作为一种表示寒暄、应酬的辅助性语言，是维持良好社会关系的有效润滑剂。寒暄语具有缩短交际者之间的距离、打破僵局、表示敬意以及乐于与之结交等功能。寒暄语的多功能性决定了它在跨文化交际活动中的重要性。本文从中西思维方式、文化背景、交际习惯等各个层面研究了英汉寒暄语的差异，以期对跨文化交际做出些微贡献。

关键词：寒暄语;思维方式;文化背景;交际习惯;对比研究

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贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

Ⅰ. Introduction

With the fast growing of the intercultural communication activities, Chinese and western countries are getting to know more and more from each other about their history, culture, and customs. People always conjecture from many different angles for their different experiences. Phatic communion, as one function of language, has been used into solecism. After that, there are more and more studies about phatic communion. Different countries and customs have different expressions to perform phatic communion. The function of phatic communions is similar in Chinese and western countries, that is to keep comfortable relationship between people.

1.1 Research Purpose

To compare phatic communion between English and Chinese is to improve mutual understanding between people from the two different cultures. Phatic communions under different cultures of different countries are quite different. At the same time, different conditions such as different backgrounds, different thinking way, and different habits result in different phatic communion. All kinds of living ways make great influences on people?s mind. And people in different countries also have different ideas of phatic communion. 1.2 Research Significance

This paper analyzes the differences of phatic communion between English and Chinese language. Phatic communion?s emotional information is passed as a language method under the constraints of thinking, manners and customs and other factors, and the meaning and purpose of expression is different. After knowing these, we can make accurate and rational use of greetings at different occasions. In the 21st century global intercultural communication becomes more usual as the exchange of Chinese and Western trade has become more frequent. And the constant trade frictions between China and the West have a regulatory and eliminating role in promoting cross-cultural communication.

Ⅱ. Theoretical Frameworks

2.1 The Definition of Phatic Communion

Phatic communion, to make greetings when people meeting, is a lip service from the Word-Ocean. From Ci Hai, phatic communion was used to ask the weather whether it is warm

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贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

or cold. But O? Donnel and Todd have the relatively broad division. They believe that takings can be seemed as phatic communion except the subject (Todd, 1980:124). Sun Xuemei said that greetings are used to produce a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contact (2009:122). Phatic communion is including two different sides---Language communication and non-language communication (Zhu, 1989:16). He said that language is not the only method to make the contracts between people. Sometimes, only a smile, a nodding, a shaking and a hug can achieve the same effect. And there is another definition of phatic communion. Phatic communion is an informal type of discourse that does not cover any functional topics of conversation or any transactions which need to be addressed (Wang, 2012:238).There are some definitions of the phatic communion in people?s daily life. Different nations and countries have different ways to perform the phatic communion. From here we can see that phatic communion is not only used to ask the weather, but also can be greeting words of communication with each other. Phatic communion on a certain occasion used properly or not will directly affect the following communication. Sometimes even can directly relates to whether the state and society harmonious development. Currently, deeply understand the definition of the phatic communion and properly use it is what the people need to do right now. 2.2 The Origin of Phatic Communion

Phatic communion is the prologue when people meet and a stepping stone for the communication. It as a

conversational interaction between friends and acquaintances, often can only provide a little information, is driving the conversation to a great extent of the both sides. Norrick once said that from the pragmatic function of the speech acts, phatic communion acts as a sufficient amount of social roles. In order to show the good behavior from the speaker (Norrick, 1978:277). As people mention about the phatic communion, we can naturally think of a great British social anthropologist---Malinowski. He was the first man in the world who put forward the term-- phatic communion and start using it .Primitively, there is a study about social changes and cultural custom of Trobriand Islands in the west of Pacific. He ate with the local residents about two years while he lived there. Although it seems to have little useful purpose to maintain and establish the good relationships between themselves and the society, he found that there are many subtle words in the interpersonal communication between people.

Phatic communion in China is also known as socializing language, which refers to socializing general sense of language, rather than establishing and maintaining social ties associated with body language. According to Malinowski?s article “The Problem of Meaning in Primitive Language”, phatic communion is

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贵州师范学院毕业论文（设计）

divided into verbal communication and non-verbal communication aspects. It does not mean that all social situations need the help of language, but people can use a smile, a nod, a hug, shaking hands, kissing on the cheek to achieve expected communicative effect.

Clark suggested determine which was greetings are the three conditions:

(1) The particular situational context. (For example, a small talk at the bus station.)

(2) Language and paralanguage aspect of communicative behavior.(The use of the regular expression, such as discussing the weather.)

(3) Social function. (To avoid silence, establish and maintain a good atmosphere in some situations.)(Clark, 1990:165)

People can use the phatic communion reasonable after the understanding of the greetings and decision conditions. But just to know this is far to meet today?s communication of the international community. People need to understand further on the basis of different people in different places how to use different phatic communion.

Ⅲ. Different Phatic Communions between Chinese and Western People

Different phatic communion tends to convey different communicative purposes. Chinese and western culture and customs also influence the expression of the phatic communion. So people need to compare Chinese and western countries? phatic communion from different aspects. Here are there major aspects of the differences.

3.1 Different Phatic Communion due to Different Backgrounds of Chinese and Western Cultures

China is a state of ceremonies and also pays more attention to etiquette civilizations. So the phatic communion is very important in the Chinese speaking countries. When people get together, they will use some useful phatic communion words to show their respect to other people. Take “Have you eaten yet?” as an example, there are some fixed communications. (1) A: Have you eaten yet? B: No. How about you?

A: I have already had dinner with my family. It is my sister?s birthday today. So we had dinner together. (2) A: Where are you going?

B: I?m going to potter in the garden. Have you eaten yet?

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