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d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable

50.In Step 6 of the decision-making process, each alternative is evaluated by

appraising it against the _____________. a. subjective goals of the decision maker b. criteria

c. assessed values

d. implementation strategy 51. ______________ includes conveying a decision to those affected and getting their

commitment to it.

a. Selecting an alternative

b. Evaluating the decision effectiveness c. Implementing the alternatives d. Analyzing alternatives

52.Which of the following is important in effectively implementing the chosen

alternative in the decision-making process? a. getting upper-management support

b. double-checking your analysis for potential errors

c. allowing those impacted by the outcome to participate in the process d. ignoring criticism concerning your chosen alternative

53. The final step in the decision-making process is to _______________.

a. pick the criteria for the next decision

b. reevaluate the weightings of the criteria until they indicate the correct outcome

c. evaluate the outcome of the decision

d. reassign the ratings on the criteria to find different outcomes

54.Which of the following is important to remember in evaluating the effectiveness

of the decision-making process?

a. You should ignore criticism concerning the decision-making process. b. You may have to start the whole decision process over.

c. You will have to restart the decision-making process if the decision is less than 50 percent effective.

d. Ninety percent of problems with decision making occur in the implementation step.

THE MANAGER AS DECISION MAKER

55.Managers are assumed to be ______________; they make consistent, value-maximizing

choices within specified constraints. a. rational b. leaders c. organized d. satisficers

56.It is assumed that a perfectly rational decision maker ______________.

a. does not follow rational assumptions

b. does not consider value maximizing as an objective c. offers inconsistent decisions d. would be objective and logical

57.Managers can make rational decisions if _________________.

a. the problem is ambiguous b. the goals are unclear

c. the alternatives are limited d. time constraints exist

58. Which of the following is not a valid assumption about rationality?

a. The problem is clear and unambiguous.

b. A single, well-defined goal is to be achieved. c. Preferences are clear.

d. Preferences are constantly changing.

59.When managers circumvent the rational decision-making model and find ways to

satisfice, they are following the concept of _________________. a. jurisprudence

b. bounded rationality

c. least-squared exemptions d. self-motivated decisions

60.Because managers can’t possibly analyze all information on all alternatives,

managers ______________, rather than ______________. a. maximize; satisfice b. maximize; minimize c. satisfice; minimize d. satisfice; maximize

61.The type of decision making in which the solution is considered “good enough”

is known as _________________.