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9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________. A. homonyms B. polysemy

C. hyponyms D. synonyms

10. The kind of antonymy between \A converse B relational C complementary D gradable 11. According to the componential analysis, the word “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of _______.

A. HUMNAN B. ANIMATE C. MALE D. ADULT 12. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______. A. grammatical rules B. selectional restrictions C. semantic rules D. semantic features

13. The words stationary and stationery are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning. They are _______.

A. complete homonyms B. homographs C. hyponyms D. homophones

14. In the following pairs of words, are a pair of complementary antonyms. A. old and young B. male and female C. hot and cold D. buy and sell 15. The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.

A. co-hyponyms B. superordinate C. hyponyms D. antonyms 16. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.” A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with C. entails D. presupposes IV. Answer the following questions.

1. How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?

deep/shallow married/single sour/sweet teacher/student asleep/awake 2. What are the major types of synonyms in English?

3.What might make a grammatically meaningful sentence semantically meaningless?

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Chapter 6：Pragmatics

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:

1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication

2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. 3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.

4. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.

5. Sentence meaning is abstract but context-dependent.

6. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable. 7. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences

8. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.

9. Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s of the 20th Century.

II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given: 1. P_________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.

2. The notion of c_________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 3. All the speech acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same i_______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.

4. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u___________.

5. The meaning of a sentence is a_______, and decontextualized.

6. C________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable. 7. P________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.

8. A l_________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. 9. An i__________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.

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10. An e________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state. 11. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.

III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:

1. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context. A. Pragmatics B. Semantics C. Sense relation D. Concept

2. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.

A. contextual B. behaviouristic C. intrinsic D. logical

3. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.

A. reference B. speech act C. practical usage D. context

4. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.

A. pragmatic B. grammatical C. mental D. conceptual

5. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________. A. constative B. directive C. utterance D. expressive 6. Which of the following is true?

A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences. B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences. C. No utterances can take the form of sentences. D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. 7. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________. A. in the late 50’s of the 20the century B. in the early 1950’s C. in the late 1960’s D. in the early 21st century.

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8. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance. A. A locutionary act B. An illocutionary act C. A perlocutionary act D. A performative act

9. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______. A. to get the hearer to do something

B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action

D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs. 10. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice A. Cooperative Principle B. Politeness Principle

C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar

D. Adjacency Principle

11. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.

A. impoliteness B. contradictions

C. mutual understanding D. conversational implicature

12. The illocutionary point of _______ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.

A. directives B. expressives C. commissives D. representatives

13. found that natural language had its own logic and thus concluded the famous Cooperative Principle.

A. John Austin B. John Firth

C. Paul Grice D. William Jones

14. As far as the sentence “My bag is heavy” is concerned, linguists of pragmatics are

more interested in its ______ meaning.

A. literal B. logical C. utterence D. sentence

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