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英汉互译技巧 第01讲
第一讲 翻译的基本概念和理解
To establish an Environmental Health and Safety Committee with a 2 year-term of membership.
建立环境卫生和安全委员会，委员任期两年。
To be regularly informed of safety and environmental protection plans implemented by departments for reporting to the President or his/her delegated representative, the VP-AB through the Director of HSEO.
HSEO主任定期向委员会通告部门执行的安全与环境保护计划的情况，委员会将这些情况向主席或者授权代表,行政与商务副主席汇报。
Sewage from HKUST is discharged to the Junk Bay municipal sewage treatment facility by a sewage pipe which uses a dedicated tunnel under the mountain between HKUST and Junk Bay.
香港科技大学污物和污水的排放必须遵守香港水污染控制法令。香港科技大学通过排污管道经专用隧道将污水排到将军澳市政污物处理处处理，隧道位于两地之间的山下。
Translate
1. if you translate something that someone has said or written, you say it or write it in a different language
you express it in a different way, using a different system, alphabet
2. if you translate something such as an idea, you express it in a different way, for example, by putting the idea into practice;
3. if you translate a remark, gesture, action, etc in a particular way, you decide that this is what it means; synonyms: change, render, convert and interpret
Interpret
1. If you interpret what someone says or does in a particular way, you decide that this is its meaning or significance
2. if you interpret a novel, dream, result, etc., you give an explanation of what it means 3. if you interpret a work of art such as a piece of music, a play, a dance, etc, you perform it in a particular way, especially a way that shows your feelings about it
4. if you interpret what someone is saying, you translate it immediately into another language, so that speakers of that language can understand.
Translation is the action of interpretation of the meaning of a text, and subsequent production of an equivalent text that communicates the same message in another language. The text to be translated is called the \translated into is called the \\
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英汉互译技巧 第01讲
Translation must take into account constraints that include context, the rules of grammar of the two languages, their writing conventions, and their idioms. A common misconception is that there exists a simple \two languages, and that translation is a straightforward mechanical process. A word-for-word translation does not take into account context, grammar, conventions, and idioms.
Fidelity vs. Transparency
Fidelity (or \and transparency are two qualities that, for millennia, have been regarded as ideals to be striven for in translation, particularly literary translation. These two ideals are often at odds. Thus a 17th-century French critic coined the phrase, \les belles infidèles,\to suggest that translations, like women, could be either faithful or beautiful, but not both at the same time.
Fidelity pertains to the extent to which a translation accurately renders the meaning of the source text, without adding to or subtracting from it, without intensifying or weakening any part of the meaning, and otherwise without distorting it..
Transparency pertains to the extent to which a translation appears to a native speaker of the target language to have originally been written in that language, and conforms to the language's grammatical, syntactic and idiomatic conventions.
A translation that meets the first criterion is said to be a \translation\a translation that meets the second criterion, an \are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
The criteria used to judge the faithfulness of a translation vary according to the subject, the precision of the original contents, the type, function and use of the text, its literary qualities, its social or historical context, and so forth.
翻译，是一种实践活动
Basically, they [skills] are taught within the framework of practical exercises. In most training programmes, this is done by trial and correction, with trial on the student’s part and corrections from the instructor. Such corrections are generally normative; instructors sometimes refer to the communication impact of the tactics in order to explain their preferences, but are not necessarily aware of other factors which influence them.
最早进行英译汉活动的严复， 说他总会因为一个英文单词怎么翻译苦苦思索：“一名之立，旬月踌躇。”
To understand the language of the original (Source Language) 对原作的文字的理解
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英汉互译技巧 第01讲
To understand the content/thought of the original and understand/think it in the language of the language of the original
透过原作的文字对原作思想内容的理解，在理解时用原作的语言进行思维 To form a thought or an image from the understanding of the content of the original, and think in the target language.
把用原作语言进行思维所理解的原作内容形成一个概念或意象，并用译作语言进行思维。
To express the thought or the image in the target language.
把用译作的语言进行思维形成的概念或意象，用译作的语言文字表达出来。
Analysis, transfer, and restructure.
Please translate the following Chinese into English
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。
A: Seriously carry out the construction concept of \that are last for generations, quality first\incorruptible, repudiating all of one's relatives“
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。
B: We must implement strictly the constructing idea of \quality as our first priority and the project of vital and lasting importance.\the principle featuring exact demands, finding every fault, being just and fair, free from the personal influence of all one's relatives and friends.
必须认真贯彻“百年大计、质量第一”的建设思想，质量工作要坚持“严之又严，吹毛求疵，铁面无私，六亲不认”。
C: As a principle known throughout the construction industry in China, quality is of the first priority in the construction of works as the permanent structures completed may last well over a hundred years. In this regard, the importance of quality can never be overstated, and the quality assurance system shall be executed to the word without any bias or prejudice to any parties concerned. FIDIC: Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design-Build 7.1 Manner of Execution
The Contractor shall carry out the manufacture of Plant, the production and manufacture of Materials, and all other execution of the Works： in the manner (if any) specified in the Contract
in a proper workmanlike and careful manner, in accordance with recognized good practice, and
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