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9. data declaration 数据声明 10. SQL 结构化查询语言
11. 可执行程序 executable program 12. 程序模块 program module 13. 条件语句 conditional statement 14. 赋值语句 assignment statement 15. 逻辑语言 logic language 16. 机器语言 machine language 17. 函数式语言 functional language
18. 程序设计语言 programming language 19. 运行计算机程序 run a computer program 20. 计算机程序员 computer programmer
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A programming language is a language used to write instructions for the computer. It lets the programmer express data processing in a symbolic manner without regard to machine-specific details.
The difficulty of writing programs in the machine language of 0s and 1s led first to the
development of assembly language, which allows programmers to use mnemonics (助记符) for instructions and symbols for variables. Such programs are then translated by a program known as an assembler into the binary encoding used by the computer. Other pieces of system software known as linking loaders (连接装入程序) combine pieces of assembled code and load them into the machine’s main memory unit, where they are then ready for execution. The concept of linking separate pieces of code was important, since it allowed “libraries” of programs to be built up to carry out common tasks—a first step toward the increasingly emphasized notion of software reuse. Assembly language was found to be sufficiently inconvenient that higher-level languages (closer to natural languages) were invented in the 1950s for easier, faster programming; along with them came the need for compilers, programs that translate high-level language programs into machine code. As programming languages became more powerful and abstract, building efficient compilers that create high-quality code in terms of execution speed and storage consumption became an interesting computer science problem in itself.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
面向对象程序设计语言，如C++和Java，基于传统的高级语言， 但它们使程序设计 员能够从合作对象集而非命令列表的角度进行思考。诸如圆之类的对象具有像圆的半径 一类的属性，以及在计算机 屏幕上绘制该对象的命令。一个对象类可以从其他的对象类 继承特征。例如，定义正方形的类可以从定义长方形的类那里继承直角等特征。这一套 程 序设计类简化了程序设计员的工作，带来了更多“可复用的”计算机代码。可复用代 码使程序设计员可以使用已经设计、编写和测试的代码。这使得 程序设计员的工作变得 比较容易，并带来更加可靠和高效的程序。 Unit Four: Software Development Unit Four/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. application; operating
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2. assemblers 3. compiler 4. interpreter 5. debugger 6. loop
7. device driver
8. John von Neumann
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1. inference engine 推理机 2. system call 系统调用
3. compiled language 编译执行的语言 4. parallel computing 并行计算 5. pattern matching 模式匹配 6. memory location 存储单元 7. interpreter program 解释程序
8. library routine 库程序，程序库例行程序 9. intermediate program 中间程序，过渡程序 10. source file 源文件
11. 解释执行的语言 interpreted language 12. 设备驱动程序 device driver 13. 源程序 source program
14. 调试程序 debugging program 15. 目标代码 object code
16. 应用程序 application program 17. 实用程序 utility program 18. 逻辑程序 logic program 19. 墨盒 ink cartridge
20. 程序的存储与执行 program storage and execution
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A compiler, in computer science, is a computer program that translates source code into object code. Software engineers write source code using high-level programming languages that people can understand. Computers cannot directly execute source code, but need a compiler to translate these instructions into a low-level language called machine code. Compilers collect and reorganize (compile) all the instructions in a given set of source code to produce object code. Object code is often the same as or similar to a computer’s machine code. If the object code is the same as the machine language, the computer can run the program immediately after the compiler produces its translation. If the object code is not in machine language, other programs—such as assemblers, binders (联编程序), linkers, and loaders (加载程序)—finish the translation.
Most computer languages use different versions of compilers for different types of
computers or operating systems, so one language may have different compilers for personal computers (PC) and Apple Macintosh computers. Many different manufacturers often produce versions of the same programming language, so compilers for a language may vary between
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manufacturers.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
在软件中，错 误是指导致程序发生故障或产生不正确结果的编码或逻辑错误。较轻 微的错误，如光标表现异常，会造成不便或带来挫折，但不会对信息产生破坏性 影响。 较严重的错误会导致程序“中止”（对命令停止反应），可能使用户别无选择，只能重新
启动程序，结果致使任何前面已经做 好但尚未保存的工作丢失。两种情况无论是哪一种， 程序员都必须凭借称为调试的过程，发现并改正错误。由于错误对重要数据的潜在危险， 商 用应用程序在发行前要经过尽可能全面的测试与调试。程序发行后发现的较轻微错误 在下一次更新时改正；较严重的错误有时可用称为补丁的特殊软 件加以修补，以规避问 题或减轻其影响。
Unit Five: Software Process Unit Five/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. off-the-shelf 2. exclusive 3. cascade
4. requirements; integration 5. throwaway
6. immediate; stable
7. reuse-oriented; framework 8. software; compromises
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1. system specification 系统规格说明
2. unit testing 单位（或单元、部件）测试
3. software life cycle 软件生命周期（或生存周期） 4. system validation testing 系统验证测试
5. evolutionary development process 演化开发过程 6. simple linear model 简单线性模型 7. program unit 程序单元
8. throwaway prototype 抛弃式原型
9. text formatting 正文格式编排，文本格式化 10. system evolution 系统演变
11. 系统设计范例 system design paradigm
12. 需求分析与定义 requirements analysis and definition 13. 探索式编程方法 exploratory programming approach 14. 系统文件编制 system documentation 15. 瀑布模型 waterfall model 16. 系统集成 system integration
17. 商用现成软件 commercial off-the-shelf (或COTS) software
18. 基于组件的软件工程 component-based software engineering (CBSE) 19. 软件维护工具 software maintenance tool 20. 软件复用 software reuse
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
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There are three different types of software maintenance. Firstly, there is maintenance to
repair software faults. Coding errors are usually relatively cheap to correct; design errors are more expensive as they may involve rewriting several program components. Requirements errors are the most expensive to repair because of the extensive system redesign that may be necessary. Secondly, there is maintenance to adapt the software to a different operating environment. This type of maintenance is required when some aspect of the system’s
environment such as the hardware, the platform operating system or other support software changes. The application system must be modified to adapt it to cope with these environmental changes. And thirdly, there is maintenance to add to or modify the system’s functionality. This type of maintenance is necessary when the system requirements change in response to organizational or business change. The scale of the changes required to the software is often much greater than for the other types of maintenance. In practice, there isn’t a clear-cut distinction between these types of maintenance. When you adapt the system to a new environment, you may add functionality to take advantage of new environmental features. Software faults are often exposed because users use the system in unanticipated ways.
Changing the system to accommodate their way of working is the best way to fix these faults. IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese:
软件过程比较复 杂，而且像所有其他的智能和创造性过程一样，依靠人们作出决定 和判断。由于需要判断和创造性，使软件过程自动化的尝试只取得了有限的成功。 计算 机辅助软件工程工具可支持软件过程的某些活动。然而，至少是在未来几年内，不可能 实现更广泛的软件过程自动化，使软件能 够接替参与软件过程的工程师来从事创造性设 计。
计算机辅助软件工程工具的有效性有限，原因之一是软件过程多种多样。不存在理
想 的过程，而且许多组织机构发展了自己的软件开发方法。这些软件过程不断演变，以 利用组织机构中的人员的能力和开发中的系统的具体特点。对于 一些系统来说，需要的 是一个高度结构化的开发过程，而对于另外一些系统来说，一个灵活敏捷的过程很可能 更为有效。
Unit Six: Database Unit Six/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. flat 2. data
3. application; administrators 4. conceptual 5. tables
6. fragmented; replicated 7. structured
8. entity-relationship; attributes
II. Translate the following terms or phrases from English into Chinese and vice versa: 1. end user 最终用户，终端用户 2. atomic operation 原子操作
3. database administrator 数据库管理员
4. relational database model 关系数据库模型 5. local data 本地数据
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6. object-oriented database 面向对象数据库
7. database management system (DBMS) 数据库管理系统 8. entity-relationship model (ERM) 实体关系模型 9. distributed database 分布式数据库 10. flat file 平面文件
11. 二维表 two-dimensional table 12. 数据属性 data attribute 13. 数据库对象 database object 14. 存储设备 storage device 15. 数据类型 data type
16. 数据插入与删除 data insertion and deletion 17. 层次数据库模型 hierarchical database model 18. 数据库体系结构 database architecture
19. 关系数据库管理系统 relational database management system (RDBMS) 20. 全局控制总线 global control bus
III. Fill in each of the blanks with one of the words given in the following list, making changes if necessary:
A database is any collection of data organized for storage in a computer memory and
designed for easy access by authorized users. The data may be in the form of text, numbers, or encoded graphics. Small databases were first developed or funded by the U.S. government for agency or professional use. In the 1960s, some databases became commercially available, but their use was funnelled (传送) through a few so-called research centers that collected information inquiries and handled them in batches. Online databases—that is, databases available to anyone who could link up to them by computer—first appeared in the 1970s. Since their first, experimental appearance in the 1950s, databases have become so important that they can be found in almost every field of information. Government, military, and industrial databases are often highly restricted, and professional databases are usually of limited interest. A wide range of commercial, governmental, and nonprofit databases are
available to the general public, however, and may be used by anyone who owns or has access to the equipment that they require.
IV. Translate the following passage from English into Chinese: 在关系数据库中，表的行表示记录 （关于不同项的信息集），列表示字段（一个记 录的特定属性）。在进行搜索时，关系数据库将一个表中的一个字段的信息与另一个表 中 的一个相应字段的信息进行匹配，以生成将来自这两个表的所要求数据结合起来的另 一个表。例如， 如果一个表包含EMPLOYEE-ID 、LAST-NAME、FIRST-NAME和
HIRE-DATE字段，另一个表包含DEPT、EMPLOYEE-ID和SALARY字 段，关系数据库 可匹配这两个表中的EMPLOYEE-ID字段，以找到特定的信息，如所有挣到一定薪水的 雇员的姓名或所有在 某个日期之后受雇的雇员所属的部门。换言之，关系数据库使用两 个表中的匹配值，将一个表中的信息与另一个表中的信息联系起来。微型计算机数 据库 产品一般是关系数据库。
Unit Seven: Computer Communications Unit Seven/Section A
I. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text: 1. telegraph
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