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v汉译英翻译教材
第一节 翻译常识和译者应具备的条件
1.翻译的定义(definition of translation)：翻译就是接受语言复制出与原语信息最接近的自然等值体——首先是就意义而言，其次是就其风格而言。(Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equaivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.----Euqene Nida)
2.翻译的标准(criteria for translation)：严复：“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)；普遍认为：“忠实、通顺”(faithfulness and smoothness) 3.翻译技巧(translating skills)：（1）直译法(literal translation)：直接将字面意义翻译出来。(an adequate representation of the original.)（2）意译法(liberal/free translation)：表达原文的内容，但不拘泥于原文的形式(express the contents of the original, but not adhere to the form or word order of the original.)，包括重译法(repetition)；增译法(amplification)；减译法(omission)；词类转换法(conversion)；词序调整法(inversion)；分译法(division)；正说反译，反说正译法(negation)；语态变换法(the change of voice)。 3.译者的素质(prerequisites for a translator)： 3.1精通双语
(1) (Just) imagine (it)（不可能/想不到/真没想到。） (2)I‘ll buy it.（我不懂。/我答不出来。/请告诉我。） (3)You‘re telling me.（我早知道了。/还用你告诉我！）
(4)Now you are talking.（你到底说了合我意的话了。/你这样说才合我的意思。） (5)You can talk.（你不必担心自己要干什么。）
(6)He lost a cool thousand dollars.（他损失了整整1000元。） (7)You can‘t be too careful.（你怎么小心都不过分。） (8)You don‘t want to do that.（你不应该干那件事。）
(9)The facts are more prosaic than the legend.（事实并不如传说那样神乎其神。）
（11）你要有所弋获，则必须在学习中不断深入。(If you want to gain anything, you must constantly deepen your studies.)
（12）陈先生乃中国学界泰斗，他的那本书视为汉语修辞研究的嚆矢。(Mr. Chen, our respected teacher, is a renowned master in the academic circles of China. That book written by him seem to be the earliest one in the Chinese rhetoric studies.)（嚆(hao)矢，第一声，带响声的箭，比喻事物的开端或先行者）
（13）当今澳洲文坛执牛耳者帕特里克怀特的作品相当费解。(the writings by Patrick White, the acknowledged leader in the contemporary Australian literary world, are very hard to understand.) （14）在旧中国，小人当道，瓦釜雷鸣的情形屡见不鲜。(In Old China, it was a general case that mean persons were in power and the unworthy people were influential and in high places.) 3.2知识面广
(1)John can be relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game.（约瀚为人可靠，他即诚实又正直。） (2)She is a cat.（她是个包藏祸心的女人。） 3.3政治觉悟高
(1)the enemy killed one of our comrades and killed an enemy agent.(敌人杀害了我们的一位同志，我们宰了一个敌特。)（注意褒贬）
4．可译性(translatability)：人曾为僧，人弗可以策划能够佛；女卑是婢，女又何妨称奴。(the man who has been a monk cannot be a Buddha. The girl who is a bond may also be called a slave.)
第二节 英汉语基本句型
1． 英语的基本句型 1.1主语+动词
（1）The telephone rang.（电话铃响了。） (2)The meeting has begun.（会议开始了。） 1.2主语+动词+表语
（1）We are students.（我们是学生。）
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(2)She appeared cheerful.（她显得很高兴。） 1.3主语+动词+宾语
(1)Labour created man.（劳动创造了人类。）
(2)The news surprised me.（这消息使我感到惊奇。） 1.4主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
(1)He painted the door green.（他把门漆成绿色。） (2)We elected him our monitor.（我们选他当班长。） 2．以上为英语的基本句型。下面为基本句型的变式： 2.1增加修饰语
(1)Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputers.（现在集成电路成了计算机的组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从而产生了新一代的袖珍式微型计算机。）
(2)When Chou En-lai‘s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful.（周恩来的房门大开了。他们看到了一位身材修长的人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯，面貌引人注目，称得上是清秀。） 2.2基本句型的省略
(1)To err is human, to forgive (is) divine.（人孰无过，恕过者神。）
（2）If one had but two heads and neither required sleep! (=It would be nice if one had but two heads and neither required sleep!)（人要是有两个脑袋，而且都不需要睡觉，那就好了。）
(3)A serious matter this for you and me. (=This is a serious matter for you and me.)（对你和我来说，这是件严重的事情。）
2.3基本句型倒装
(1)The greatest truths are the simplest, so are the greater men.（最伟大的真理总是最朴素的，最伟大的人物也是最朴素的。）
(2)Neither could theory do without practice, nor (could) practice (do) without theory.（理论离不开实践，实践也离不开理论。）
(3)Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before.（这种待遇是我所未曾意料到的，因为过去我从未有过恩主。）
(4)Naked you want it, naked you‘ll have it.（你要求把事实和盘托出，那就这样吧。）
(5)Deal with us nobly, women though we be.（虽然我们是妇女，请以高尚的态度对待我们。） 二、汉语的基本句型
按照表意功能及表达形式，汉语句型大体可以分为九大类：
1． 话题句，其基本格式是“话题语+评论语”，如： （1） 开车他没有经验。(He is inexperienced in driving.)
（2） 婚姻的事我自己作主。(As for my marriage, I‘ll make my own decision.) （3） 这艘船是中国制造的。(This ship was built in China.) 2． 施事句，其基本格式是“施事语+动作语” （1） 他在学习开车。(He is learning how to drive.) （2） 她点头表示同意。(She nodded her agreement.)
（3） 雨水促使杂草生长。(The rain caused the weeds to grow.) 3． 关系句，即表达各种关系的复句 （1）（因为）他天天练习开车，（所以）很快学会了。(He soon learnt how to drive because of his daily practice.) （2）如处理得当，问题不难解决。(The problem will not be difficult to solve, if properly handled.) （3）只要虚心，就会进步。(Provided you are modest, you‘ll surely make progress.) 4．呼叹句，即交谈中互相呼唤、应对或感叹的句子
（1）是呀，他开车开得真好！(Yes, he is an excellent driver!) （2）多么新鲜的水果啊！(How fresh the fruit is!) （3）看他多精神！(Look how energetic he is!)
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5．祈使句，即表达要求、命令或请求的句子
（1）请勿酒后开车。(Please don‘t drink and drive.)
（2）不要总以为自己对。(Don‘t think you are always right.)
（3）别管我，救火要紧。(Don‘t bother about me. Put out the fire first!) 6．存在句，即表示人或事物存在或消失的句子
（1）黑暗中来了一部车子。(A car is coming in the dark.) （2）前面是一片稻田。(There is a stretch of rice fields ahead.) （3）还有许多工作要做。(Much remains to be done.)
7．有无句，其基本格式是“领有者+（没）有+被领有者” （1）他有两部小车。(He has two cars.)
（2）她有热情，有朝气。(She is full of vigour and enthusiasm.)
（3）此事有百利而无一弊。(It has every advantage and no drawback.) 8．描写句，其基本格式是“主题语+描写语（形容词） （1）这部车很新。(This car is brand-new.)
（2）房间干干净净。(The room is neat and tidy.) （3）这东西又便宜又好。(it is cheap but good.)
9．说明句，其基本格式是“主题语+说明语（名词）” （1）今天是星期天。(Today is Sunday.) （2）我上海人。(I‘m from Shanghai.)
（3）这箱子八十磅。(This box weighs eighty pounds.) 汉语有不少非逻辑表达方式（illogical expressions），试比较： （1） A： 晒太阳(to bask in the sun)
B： 晒衣服(to sun one‘s clothes)
（2） A： 吃食堂((have one‘s meals in the mess食堂)
Ｂ： 吃苹果(eat an apple)
（３） Ａ：住四人(four people live in)
Ｂ：住旅馆(stay at a hotel)
（４） Ａ：在家养病(recuperate（使）恢复健康 at home)
Ｂ：闭目养神(sit in repose（使）休息 with one‘s eyes closed)
（５） Ａ：救火(fire fighting)
Ｂ：救国9save the nation)
（６） Ａ：打扫卫生(do some cleaning)
Ｂ：打扫房间(clean a room)
（７） Ａ：补充人力(replenish manpower) （８） Ｂ：补充缺额(fill a vacancy) （９） Ａ：恢复疲劳(get refreshed)
Ｂ：恢复健康(recover one‘s health)
汉语句式的多样化表现在：有整句(full sentence)，也有大量的零句(minor sentence)。整句有主谓结构；零句没有主谓结构，由词或词组构成。零句是汉语的基本句型，可以作整句的主语，也可作整句的谓语。整句由零句组成，因而复杂多样，灵活多变。整句与零句混合交错，组成了流水句。这些句式流泻铺排，主谓难分，主从难辨，形散神聚，富有节奏。例如：
（１） 接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的
发财计划，当然也不能算是生产的计划。(He went on indulging in wishful thinking. Chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen（不分性别的牛） would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course had nothing at all to do with production.)
（２） 河面大小船只泊定后，莫不点了小小的油灯，拉了蓬。各个船上皆在后舱烧了火，用铁鼎罐煮饭，饭焖
熟后，又换锅子熬油，哗的把蔬菜倒进热锅里去。一切齐全了，各人蹲在舱板上三碗五碗把腹中填满后，
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天已夜了。(After the boats large and small had moored, all lit tiny oil lamps and fixed up mat canopies.（天蓬，华盖） Rice was boiled in iron cauldrons（大锅） over fires in the stern９船尾), and once this was cooked the vegetables were fried in another pan of sizzling oil. When the meal was ready, everyone aboard could wolf down （狼吞虎咽地吃）three or five bowls. By then it was dark.)
（３） 芙蓉镇街面不大。十几家铺子、几十户住家紧紧夹着一条青石板街。铺子和铺子是那样的挤密，以至一
家煮狗肉，满街闻香气；以至谁家娃儿跌交碰脱牙、打了碗，街坊邻里心中都有数；以至妹娃家的私房话，年轻夫妇的打情骂俏，都常常被隔壁邻居听去了，传为一镇的秘闻趣事，笑料谈资。偶尔某户人家弟兄内讧，夫妻斗殴，整条街道便会骚动起来，人们往来奔走，相告相劝，如同一河受惊的鸭群，半天不得平息。不是逢圩的日子，街两边的住户还会从各自的阁楼上朝街对面的阁楼搭长竿，晾晒一应布物：衣衫裤子，裙子被子。山风吹过，但见通街上空“万国旗”纷纷扬扬，红红绿绿，五花八门。再加上悬挂在各家瓦檐下的串串红辣椒，束束金黄色的苞谷种，个个白里泛青的胡芦瓜，形成两条颜色富丽的夹街彩带----人在下边过，鸡在下边啼，猫狗在下边梭窜，另有一种风情，另成一番景象。(The main street of Hibiscus （木槿属植物）was not big. Paved with flagstones（石板，扁石） it was wedged挤入) between a dozen shops and a few scores of houses. These buildings were so packed together that if one shop stewed dogmeat, the aroma filled the whole street; if some child fell and knocked out a tooth or smashed a bowl, the whole street knew of it; neighbours often overheard the secrets girls confided to （向――吐露）each other and the jokes between young married couples, then regaled（款待，使高兴） the whole town with these titbits.（珍闻，珍品） If brothers fell out（争吵，闹翻，结果） or husband and wife came to blows,（动手互殴） the whole place was in a turmoil as all rushed to intercede.（说情，调解） On days when there was no market, people fixed up long bamboo poles between their upstairs windows and those across the street, to sun their clothes and bedding. The wind blowing from the hills made these flutter like flags all the colors of rainbow. And the clusters of red peppers, golden maize cobs,（玉米棒子） pale green calabashes（葫芦） and gourds （葫芦）hanging from the eaves （屋檐）formed bright borders on either side. Below, people came and went, cocks crowed, cats and dogs padded （走路，步行）to and fro---it was a distinctive sight.)
第三节 英汉语对比 一、形合(hypotaxis)和意合(parataxis) 1． 英语的形合手段 1．1关系词和连接词
(1)When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expects, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.（为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间有有深浅之分。）
(2)It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.(那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。) (3)It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.(认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。)
(4)It was what sentimentalists, who deal in very big words, call a yearning after the ideal, and simply means that women are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may centre affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change.（一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收集起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。） 1．2介词
(1)She said, with perfect truth, that ―it must be delightful to have a brother,‖ and easily got the pity of tender-hearted Amelia, for being alone in the world, an orphan without friends or kindred.（她说道，“有个哥哥该有多好啊，”这话得入情入理。她没爹没娘，又没有亲友，真是孤苦伶仃。软心肠的阿米利亚听了。立刻觉得她可怜。）
(2)Change of information, if any, concerning the contents of this section will be found in the appendix at the end of this book.（本节内容如有更改，均见本书末附录。）
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(3)The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind.(当前，车辆横冲直闯，严重威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。) 2．汉语的意合形式 2．1语序
（1）人不犯我，我不犯人。(We will not attack unless we are attacked.) （2）说是说了，没有结果。(I‘ve made proposals, but they proved futile.) （3）打肿脸来充胖子，吃亏是自己。（If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.）（out of/beyond one‘s depth非某人力所能及/理解）
（4）抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。（Once the principal contradiction is grasped, all problems can be readily solved.）
2．2反复、排比、对偶、对照等。这些句式词句整齐、匀称，往往不用关联词。 （1）种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。(As you sow, so will you reap.) （2）吃苦在前，享受在后。（Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts.） （3）聪明一世，糊涂一时。（Smart as a rule, but this time a fool.）
（4）不知苦中苦，哪知甜中甜？(If you have never tasted the bitterness of gall, how can you know the sweetness of honey?) 2．3紧缩句
（1）有饭大家吃。（Let everybody share the food if there is any.） （2）不到黄河心不死。(Until all is over, ambition never dies.) （3）狐狸再狡猾也斗不过好猎手。（However sly a fox may be, it is no match for a good hunter.） （4）狼披羊皮还是狼。(A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheep‘s clothing.) （5）上梁不正下梁歪。（If the upper beam is not straight, the lower ones will go aslant./When those above behave unworthily, those below will do the same.） 2．4四字格
（1）不进则退。(He who does not advance falls backward./Move forward, or you‘ll fall behind.) （2）酒醉智昏。（When wine is in, wit is out.） （3）物极必反。（Once a certain limit is reached, a change in the opposite direction is inevitable.） （4）玩火自焚。（Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.） （5）欲盖弥彰。（The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed.） （6）远交近攻。(Befriend those far away while attacking those nearby.) 二、综合语与分析语（synthetic vs analytic）
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.拉丁语、德语和古英语等都属于这类语言。
An analytic language is characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.汉语是典型的分析语。现代英语属综合-分析语（synthetic-analytic language)。
1． 英语有形态变化，汉语没有严格意义的形态变化 英语可以运用丰富的词缀构词造句，如： He moved astonishingly fast.
He moved with astonishing rapidity.
His movements were astonishingly rapid. His rapid movements astonished us.
His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity of his movements was astonishing. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. He astonished us by moving rapidly.
He astonished us by his rapid movements.
He astonished us by the rapidity of his movements.（他行进的速度快得令人惊讶。/他行进速度之快，令人惊
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