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4．下大雨了。It is raining cats and dogs. 5．从武汉到上海有一千多里路。It is one thousand li from Wuhan to Shanghai. 二、译成被动句: 汉语无主句译成英语被动句同样可以使句子保持完整。1．实施科教兴国战略取得新进展，各项社会事业全面进步。Fresh progress was made in implementing the strategy of developing the country through science, technology and education and all social undertakings developed. 2．大力推进新的农业科技革命。加强基础研究和应用基础研究。搞好国家重点实验室建设。Great efforts will be made to promote the new agricultural technological revolution. Basic and applied research will be strengthened. Efforts to develop national key laboratories will be intensified. 3．加快开发推动结构升级的共性技术、关键技术和配套技术。Development of general key and support technologies that can promote structural upgrading will be accelerated. 4．禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱和诽谤。Insult or slander against citizens in my form is prohibited. 5．大多数中学里都教英语。English is being taught in most middle schools.翻译成被动句还可套用英语“It is+过去分词+that从句‖的结构或“there+动词+主语”结构。1．希望今后上海能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。It is hoped I anticipated that Shanghai will establish friendly relations with more foreign cities in the future. 2．建议减少所得税。It is suggested that income tax should be cut. 3．自1983年以来，已经建立了一百多个这样的组织。There have been established more than one hundred organizations of such kind since 1983. 4．在阶级斗争的社会里，有了剥削阶级剥削劳动人民的自由，就没有劳动人民不受剥削的自由。In a society where class struggle exists, if there is freedom for the exploiting classes to exploit the working people, there is no freedom for the working people not to be exploited. 三、译成祈使句： 有些口号式的句子，翻译时省略主语，译成英语祈使句。1．好好学习，天天向上。Study hard and make progress every day. 2．学习好，工作好，身体好。Study hard, work well, keep fit. 3．按照“三个代表“要求加强和改进党的建设。Strengthen and improve the Party building in accordance with the requirements of the ―Three Represent‘s‖. 4．继续为实现党的基本路线和历史任务而奋斗。Continue to strive for the fulfillment of the basic line and historic mission of the Party. 四、用无生物词语作主语： 英美人较强调客观，因而英语句子常以物或抽象概念作主语。汉语无主句译成英语时，视句子具体情况，也可用无生物词作主语。1．真没想到他是个不诚实的人。It has never occurred to me that he is a dishonest man. 2．在罗马发生过许多重大历史事件。Rome witnessed great historic events.3．在历史上，由于长江不断改道在武汉地区形成了众多的湖泊。The constant change of the course of the Changjiang River in history helped form a great many lakes in the areas around Wuhan. 4．实事求是地说，解决中国人的吃饭问题，任务艰巨，困难不少，但潜力很大，前景广阔。Truly speaking, China has had great difficulties in solving her problem with food provision. But she also has great potential and prospects for having her people well fed.5．自从改革开放以来，在农村有了翻天覆地的变化。Great changes have taken place in the countryside since the initiation of the reform and opening-up. 6．于是，暮色中，匆匆的人群里，总有我赶路的身影，雨里、雾里、风里、雪里，只盼着早些回家。Thus the gathering dusk often finds me hastening home in a hurrying crowd. Whether it rains or snows, windy or foggy, it is the longing to be home that quickens my steps. 五、译成非谓语结构：在政府文件中，无主句作小标题或一段话的主题时，往往译成英语的非谓语结构形式。1．坚持扩大内需的战略方针，努力保持国民经济的较快发展。Continuing to boost domestic demand and maintaining rapid development of the national economy. 2．巩固和加强农业基础地位，千方百计增加农民收入。Consolidating and strengthening the position of agriculture as the foundation of the economy and doing everything possible to increase farmers incomes. 3．调整和优化产业结构，不断提高经济运行的质量和效益。Carrying out industrial restructuring to bring about steady improvement in economic performance. 4．做好加入世贸组织的各项准备，把对外开放提高到新水平。Preparing for China‘s entry into the WTO and opening up even more to the outside world.非谓语结构兼具动词和名词性质，没有祈使句的命令或请求语气，又无需加人称主语。因而比较适合翻译主题句或小标题。
二-翻译训练
1．类似于祈使句的一种泛指人称句，好象是说话人对读者或听者发出的一种劝告、警告、命令、行为指示，或是对一种社会现象的描述和评论。翻译时补上泛指意义的人称代词或名词。
（1）只有慎之又慎，才能避免犯不必要的错误。(Being very careful, you (we) can avoid making unnecessary
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mistakes.)
（2）不能做官当老爷，脱离群众，脱离下面的干部。(You/we should not act like overlords,9封建君主，霸王) nor divorce yourselves /ourselves from the masses and lower-ranking cadres.)
从现在开始就必须一天也不能耽误，专心致志地、聚精会神地搞四个现代化建设。(We/you must devote our full attention to achieving the four modernizations and not waste a single day right now.)
（4）过河拆桥，忘恩负义决没有好下场。(Those who kick down the ladder（过河拆桥） will certainly come to no good end.)
（5）生了儿子，吃啥有啥；生了女儿，有啥吃啥。(If a woman gives birth to a boy, she eats what she wants, if to a girl, she just eats what there is.)
（6）弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。(If things are not properly handled, our labour will be totally lost.)
（7）知己知彼，百战百殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。(You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as well as yourself. You will win one battle and lose one battle if you know yourself but are in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you are in the dark about both the enemy and yourself.)
（8）只要知道电压和电流就能够确定电阻。(Knowing the voltage and current, you /we can determine the resistance.)(The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known.) （9）在装配和调试仪器时应把所有零件清洗干净。(Assembling and adjusting a device, one/you /we should have all parts cleaned.)
（10）打得赢就打，打不赢就走。(Fight when you can win, move away when you cannot.)
（11）不了解这一点，就不能得到起码的知识。(Unless we grasp this point we shall never be able to acquire even elementary knowledge.)
成语、警句、格言翻译时有时套用英语成语，有时只能意译，适当不上主语。 （12）活到老，学到老。（It‘s never too old to learn.） （13）要正经除非自己锅底没有黑。（The pot shouldn‘t call the kettle black if it‘s got soot itself.） （14）“村长！捉贼有赃，捉奸要双，当了妇救会主席就不说理了？”(Comrade Village head, accusations must be based on evidence! Does being the head of the women‘s league give one the right to do as one pleases?)
（15）插起招军旗，就有吃粮人。((If you) hoist the recruiting-banner, and hungry men will come and enlist.) （16）前世姻缘由天定，不顺天意或不成。(Marriages are predestined by heaven, whoever disobeys the will of heaven shall bring about his own destruction.)
（17）失之东隅，得之桑榆。(What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts.) （18）三思而后行。(Look before you leap.)
（19）不到黄河心不死。(Don‘t stop until you reach the Yellow River.)
（20）少见多怪。(Seeing little is the cause of amazement. Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.) （20）入乡随俗。(Do as the local people do. Do as the Romans do.)
（21）不经一事，不长一智。(You can‘t gain knowledge without practice. Wisdom comes from experience.) （22）不入虎穴，焉得虎子。（If one does not enter the tiger‘s den, how can he get a tiger‘s cub?） 2．表示自然现象和人类自身的感受的句子
（1）刮风了，下雨了。(It‘s blowing, it‘s raining.) （2）出太阳了。(The sun is rising./The sun appears.) （3）真冷。(It‘s cold.)
（4）冷死我了。(I am dead cold.)
（5）热得他们全身冒汗。(It‘s so hot that they are sweating like a pig./The heat makes them sweat (like a pig.) 3．人身体上或心理上的感受在“把”字句和“得”字句中用无主语句。 （1）累得我走不动了。/把我累得我走不动了。(It makes me so tired that I can‘t walk any more. /I am too tired to walk on.)
（2）饿得他都说不出话来。/把他饿得都说不出话来。(It makes him so hungry that he can‘t speak./He is too hungry to speak.) （3）痛得王林全身冒冷汗。/把王林痛得全身冒冷汗。(It makes Wang Lin painful all of a cold sweat./The pain made
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Wang Lin in a cold sweat.)
（4）闹得左邻右舍不得安宁。/把左邻右舍闹得不得安宁.(It stirred up a lot of commotion among all of neighbours. /All of neighbours are made upset by the commotion./The noise has made all of neighbours upset.)
（5）吓得小女孩哭起来了。/把小女孩吓得哭起来了。(The little girl was scared to tears./It scared the little girl to tears.)
（6）搞得我心乱如麻。/把我搞得心乱如麻。(It made me completely upset./I was made completely upset.)
（7）气得那些农民直跺脚。/把那些农民气得直跺脚。(The peasants were sent into a fit of rage./It sent the peasants into a fit of rage.)
4．大量的无主句是省略句。 （1）区长问：“你给你闺女找了个婆家？”三仙姑答：“找下了！”问：“使了多少钱？”答：“三千五！”问：“还有些什么？”答：“有些首饰布匹！”问：“跟你闺女商量过没有？”答：“没有！”问：“你闺女愿意不愿意？”答：“不知道！”(The district head asked her:‖ You found a husband for your daughter?‖ ―Yes, I did.‖ How much money did you get from him?‖ ―Three thousand and five hundred dollars.‖ ―What else?‖ ―Some ornaments and a few bolts of cloth.‖ ―Did you consult your daughter about this?‖ ―No.‖ ―Is your daughter willing?‖ ―I don‘t know.‖
（2）她（三仙姑）吃完了饭，换上新衣裳---（让于福赶驴）往区上去。到了区上，交通员把她引到区长房里，她爬下就磕头。(When they arrived, she (Third Fairy-maid) was led into the district head‘s office(by the liaison person). She knelt down and kowtowed.)
（3）今天早上一个老鸦落在东房上叫了十几声---唉！反正是时运，躲也躲不过。（This morning a crow cawed a dozen times on our roof. Ai, no one can get away from his fate!） （4）我从前没有忍过？越忍越不得安然！（Haven‘t I been patient and tolerant? Yet, the more tolerant I was, the more I had to suffer!）
（5）出门一里，不如家里。(East or west, home is best.) （6）趁热打铁。(Make hay while the sun shines.)
第七节 汉语存在句的翻译
汉语存在句有两个类型：（1）有+名词（短语）+附加语（动词，形容词，主谓结构短语等），如“有人来了”；（2）时地语+有+名词（短语）+附加语）如“房子里有枪可以打狼”，或时地语+存在动词+名词（短语），如“台上站着七八个领奖人”。
1．第一类型存在句
（1） 有许多机会他们没有利用好。(There are many opportunities they have not taken well.) （2） 有十之八九的机会取得成功。(There is a chance of ten to one to succeed.)
（3） 有一只猫爱上了一个青年，恳求爱神维纳斯把她变成个姑娘，好得到他的爱慕。(There is a cat having
fallen in love with a young man, she beseeches Venus to change her into a girl, in the hope of gaining his affection.)
（4） 还有些领导人也不能进领导班子或者不能重用，例如，---革命意志严衰退，饱食终日，无所用心的，等
等。(There are also others whom we should not recruit into leading bodies or place in important posts. They include:---and persons whose revolutionary will has waned and who are content to eat three square meals a day and do nothing.)
（5） 又有人介绍一个解放前银行家的儿子给我，他很有钱，家里有几十万块钱。(Then I was introduced to the
son of someone who had been banker before liberation. He was very rich. His family had hundreds of thousands of yuan at home.)
（6） 既然没有地方坐一坐，只好慢慢地走吧。(With no place to sit, he had best walk slowly on.) （7） 这个银白色的世界，没有他坐下的地方，也没有他的去处。（He has no place to sit, nowhere to go in this
silver world.）
（8） 有机会就抓住，不能迟疑。（Grab off the opportunity, don‘t hesitate.） 3． 第二类型存在句 （1）中国四川省有座峨眉山，山顶上有个舍身崖。（On the summit of Mr. Emei, located in China‘s Sichuan province, there is precipice called the cliff of sacrifice.）
（2）荔枝林深处，隐隐露出一个白屋，那是温泉公社的养蜂场。（From deep in the lychee trees peeped the corner
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of white house where the Hotspring Commune kept their bees.）
（3）在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三十岁的男子。(Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty.)
（4）车厢里先探出个头来，紫酱色的一张方脸，浓眉毛，圆眼睛，脸上有许多小泡。(From the window of the car struck out cautiously a head with a square, pimply,（多浓胞的，有麻疹的） purplish face, thick eyebrows and round eyes.)
（5）据估计，世界上有几百万棵树是松鼠无意种下的。(It‘s estimated that millions of trees in the world are accidentally planted by squirrels.)（译成被动语态。） （6）河畔长着青草绿树。（The grass and trees are green by the riverside.）（存在物“青草”和“树”译成主语。） （7）今天下午有球赛，棋逢对手，一定精彩。(This afternoon‘s ball game is sure to be an exciting one, for the two sides are well-matched.)（存在物“球赛”译成主语。） （8）这两天我们大院里又透着热闹，出了人命。(A pretty kick-up（[口]骚乱，大吵大闹） has been the order of the day（议事日程，风气) again in our compound（院子） lately, for a life has been lost.) （9）这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，象闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。（There was a tremor on the leave and flower, which , with the suddenness of lightening, soon drifted to the far end of the pond.）
（10）[1]沿着荷塘，是一条曲折的小煤屑路。这是一条幽僻的路；白天也少有人走，夜晚更加寂寞。[2]荷塘四面，长着许多树，翁翁郁郁的。[3]路的一旁，是些杨柳，和一些不知道名字的树。没有月亮的晚上，这路上阴森森的有些怕人。今晚却很好，虽然月光也还是淡淡的。
[4]曲曲折折的荷塘上面，弥望的是田田的叶子。叶子出水很高，象亭亭的舞女的裙。[5]层层的叶子中间，零星地点缀着些白花，有袅娜地开着的，有羞涩地打着朵儿的；正如一粒粒的明珠，又如碧天里的星星。[6]微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的。这时候叶子与花也有一丝的颤动，象闪电般，霎时传过荷塘的那边去了。叶子本是肩并肩密密地挨着，[7]这便宛然有了一道凝碧的波痕。[8]叶子底下是脉脉的流水，遮住了，不能见一些颜色；而叶子却更见风致了。（朱自清：《荷塘月色》
([1]A path paved （铺，作铺设之用）with coal-dust zigzags along the lotus pond so secluded as to be little frequented in the daytime, to say nothing of its loneliness at night.[2]Around the pond grows profusion（大量，丰富） of luxuriant （繁茂的，丰饶的）trees. [3]On one side of the path are some willows and other trees whose names are unknown to me. On moonless nights, the place has a gloomy, somewhat forbidding （可怕的，令人生畏的）appearance. But on this particular evening, had a cheerful outlook, though the moon was pale.
[4]On the uneven surface of the pond, all one could see was a mass of leaves, all interlaced（使交错，使交织） and shooting （突出，发芽）high above the water like the shirts of slim dancing girls.[5]The leaves were dotted in between the layers with white flowers, some blooming gracefully; other, as if bashfully（害羞地）, still in bud. （发芽，含苞欲放）They were like bright pearls and stars in an azure （蔚蓝色的）sky. Their subtle （稀薄的，不浓的，精巧的）fragrance was wafted （吹送，飘送）by the passing breeze, in whiffs（ [空气，烟]一吸，一吹）airy as the notes of a song coming faintly from some distance tower. There was a tremor on the leave and flower, which , with the suddenness of lightening, soon drifted to the far end of the pond.[7]The leaves, jostling （推撞，拥挤，贴近）and overlapping, produced, as it were, a wave of deep green. [8]Under the leaves, softly hidden from view, water was rippling （起细浪，波动）even its color was not discernible（看得清的，辨得出的） so that the leaves looked more enchanting.）
第八节 汉语重复的处理
英国系统功能语法创始人韩礼德(M.A.K.Halliday)早在1962年就提出“衔接”(cohesion)的概念。在功能语法理论体系里，重复被看成实现语篇衔接功能的手段之一。韩礼德在早期的理论中区分了结构性衔接（语法衔接）和词汇性衔接。后者分为词汇重复和词汇集。英语的衔接划分为照应、省略、代替、连接和词汇衔接五大类：（1）照应（reference）：是指人称代词，指示代词等的使用。（2）替代(substitution)：主要是指代动词do，以及one, the same这类词，以及答语中的so, nor等。（3）省略(ellipsis)：指名词性词组，动词，小句的省略等。（4）连接(conjunction)：指虚词and, but及句间连接手段in that case, of course, anyway等。（5）词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)：主要是泛指词，重复等。 1． 替换
（1） 只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力，不完全。（In the past, we only
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（2）
（3）
（4） （5）
（6）
（7）
stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism, without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform. That conception was incomplete.）（用代词替换）
秦怀河里的船，比北京万生园，颐和园的船好，比西湖的船好，比扬州瘦西湖的船好。这几处的船不是觉着笨，就是觉着简陋，局促；都不能引起乘客门的情韵，如秦淮河里的船一样。秦怀河里的船约略可分为两种-----（The ships on the Qinhuai are better than those in Beijing‘s Myriad Creature Garden and Summer Palace and Hangzhou‘s West Lake, better than those on Yangzhou‘s Shouxi Lake. The vessels in those places are either clumsy or crude and cramped, less inviting than those on the Qinhuai, which fall roughly into two categories.）
五四运动是在当时世界革命号召下，是在俄国革命号召之下，是在列宁号召之下发生的。五四运动是当时无产阶级革命的一部分。（The May 4th Movement came into being at the call of the world revolution, of the Russian Revolution and of Lenin. It was part of the world proletarian revolution of the time.）
土地和谷物是人们赖以生存的根本。祭社稷便是表示人们对土地和谷物的敬重。(The earth and cereals sustain the life of human beings and hence ceremonies were held to pay respect for them.) 双方愿意与联合国及其专门机构密切合作，为提高联合国的工作效率而努力。（The two sides express the readiness to step up their close cooperation with the UN and its specialized agencies toward greater efficiency of the organization.）（用别的名词或其他词语替换）
（一个世纪以来，中国人民在前进的道路上经历了三次历史性的巨大变化---）第一次是辛亥革命，---第二次是中华人民共和国的成立，---第三次是改革开放。（The first change was represented by the Revolution of 1911. The second change was marked by the founding of the People‘s Republic of China. The third change was featured by the reform, opening up.）（换用同义词或近义词）
封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义社会代替封建主义社会，社会主义经历一个过程发展后必然代替资本主义。（Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.）
2.合并
（1）发展新兴产业和高技术产业——把开发新技术，新产品，新产业同开拓市场结合起来，把发展技术密集型产业和劳动密集型产业结合起来。（We should develop rising and high-tech industries---, combine the efforts to develop new technologies, products and industries with the efforts to open up markets and integrate the development of technology-intensive with labour-intensive industries.）
（2）继续开展打击走私犯罪、打击骗取出口退税和逃汇骗汇、打击制售假冒伪劣商品等各项斗争，全面整顿商品市场、金融市场、资本市场、建筑市场，规范经营秩序。(We will continue the fight against smuggling, fraudulent export tax debate, evasion of foreign exchange repayment and obtaining foreign exchange under false pretense and production and sale of fake and shoddy goods. Building on their base, we will rectify the commodity, financial, capital, construction and cultural product markets in all-round way and to standardize order in business operations. (3)搞好重点商品、重点市场、重点地区大案要案的清查。(We should investigate key commodities, markets and areas to clear up major cases.) （4）增强自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识、民主意识和开拓创新意识。（Increase the awareness about self-reliance, competition, efficiency, and democracy and the rule of law, as well as the pioneering and innovation spirit.）
(5)五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意义，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。(The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well an anti-feudal movement. Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911, namely, its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.) 3．省略 （1）“沉默啊！沉默！不在沉默中爆发就在沉默中灭亡。”（Silence! Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.） （2）“好哇，大风，你就使劲地刮吧。你现在刮得越大，秋后的雨水就越充足。刮吧，使劲得刮吧，刮来个丰收的好年景，刮来个富强的好日子”。（All right, wind! Roar as hard as you like. The stronger you blow now, the more rain we will get in autumn. Come on! You‘ll give a good harvest and bring us a good life.）
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