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we do not have such a complete and foolproof explanation, disagreements are destined to remain. When students realize that there is no one easy answer to the problems historians raise and that “truth” is but an elusive yet intriguing goal in a never-ending quest, they will find the study of history to be a significant, exhilarating, and useful part of their education.

我们能消除所有的分歧吗?如果国家如果我们的知识能够为我们提供一个不容置疑的有效性模型完全解释人类行为，我们就可以。但由于我们没有这样一个完整和万无一失的解释，分歧注定会继续存在。当学生们意识到历史学家提出的问题没有一个简单的答案，“真相”只是一个难以捉摸的、有趣的、永无止境的追求的目标时，他们就会发现历史研究对他们的教育是重要的、令人振奋的和有用的一部分。

Unit 6 Reading across cultures / P130 Bringing history to life

Dusty objects, row of broken pots, rusty spears, lumps of stone and painted earthenware are displayed behind glass cases in silent white halls. Victors walk past with slow and heavy steps, staring at the labels that show where each piece was found and when it was made. This is history on display in a traditional museum.

在寂静的白色厅堂里，满是灰尘的物品、一排破罐子、生锈的长矛、大块的石头和彩色的陶器被陈列在玻璃柜后面。胜利者迈着缓慢而沉重的步伐走过，盯着标签，上面标明了每件文物的发现地点和制作时间。这是在传统博物馆里展出的历史。

Another way to find out about the past is by visiting an open-air or living history museum. Instead of trailing around looking at lifeless objects from the past, visitors to living museums can meet people from the past, watch them at work and ask questions about their lives. The feeling of authenticity comes from careful research and training. Instead of uniformed guards sleeping in front of glass cases, there are characters dressed in period costumes bringing to life the crafts and skills of the past and speaking with passionate authority about their lives. In some living museums,

visitors can even try their hand at crafts, such as iron-making or woodworking, as well as watching experts at work.

另一种了解过去的方式是参观露天的或活的历史博物馆。参观活博物馆的人可以与过去的人见面，看他们工作，并询问他们的生活问题，而不是四处寻找过去的无生命物体。真实的感觉来自于仔细的研究和训练。剧中的角色不是穿着制服的警卫，而是穿着古装，将过去的工艺和技能活了起来，充满激情地讲述着自己的生活。在一些现存的博物馆里，游客们甚至可以亲自动手制作工艺品，如制铁或木工，以及观看专家们的工作。

Cinderbury, an Iron Age village in England, takes living history a stage further. Visitors don’t just come for a day, they stay for a week or a month and really experience life in the Iron Age. They travel back in time to when people first learnt to make iron tools and weapons. Cinderbury was first settled over 2000 years ago and was home to an extended family of about 20 people. The village has been recreated with four large roundhouse, made of wood and heated by a central fire. Visitors gain a real insight into the skills of the ancient people by living as Iron Age settlers in one of the roundhouses, cooking their own food and even wearing Iron Age clothes.

英格兰的一个铁器时代的村庄辛德瑞伯里，把活生生的历史向前推进了一步。游客不会只来一天，他们会停留一周或一个月，真正体验铁器时代的生活。他们回到了人们最初学会制作铁制工具和武器的时代。辛德瑞伯在2000多年前就定居下来了，是一个大约20人的大家庭的家。这个村庄由四个大的圆屋重建而成，圆屋由木头制成，由中心的火加热。游客们住在铁器时代的圆屋里，自己做饭，甚至穿着铁器时代的衣服，这样就能真正了解古人的技能。

In Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, in the US, it’s the whole city which is a living museum, and where the historic buildings of the colonial city have been preserved or restored to the way they looked in the 18th century. Actors are employed to work, dress and talk as they would have in colonial times.

在美国佛吉尼亚州的威廉斯堡，整个城市都是一个活的博物馆，这座殖民地城市的历史建筑被保存或修复成18世纪的样子。演员们被雇来工作、穿着和谈话，就像他们在殖民时代那

样。

Elsewhere, there are even groups of people who act out a specific historical event, such as a battle in the American Civil War or World War II. For them living history has become a hobby, and it can be used to gain a historical perspective on a particular period, or as a way of experiencing the lifestyle of their ancestors.

在其他地方，甚至有一群人表演一个特定的历史事件，如美国内战或第二次世界大战中的一场战斗。对他们来说，活历史已经成为一种爱好，它可以用来获得一个特定时期的历史观点，或者作为一种体验他们祖先生活方式的方式。

All over the US and Europe, living history museums focus on the lifestyle of ordinary people in history. Many castles, manor houses and other historical attractions recreate daily life during a particular period for the purposes of both educating and entertaining the tourists. While some historians may question the accuracy and extent of the education that living history museums can provide, there’s no doubt that they’re bringing history to life for many, if not more, visitors than traditional museums.

在美国和欧洲，活历史博物馆关注的是历史上普通人的生活方式。为了教育和娱乐游客，许多城堡、庄园和其他历史景点在特定时期重建日常生活。虽然一些历史学家可能会质疑活的历史博物馆所能提供的教育的准确性和广度，但毫无疑问，与传统博物馆相比，它们为许多游客带来了历史，如果不是更多的话。

Unit 7 Active reading (1) / P135 The Eiffel Tower

The three largest structures in the world were products of an outburst of structural creativity in the last half of the 19th century. The Crystal Palace, made of iron, erected for the 1851 Great Exhibition in London, covers the largest area; the Brooklyn Bridge, completed in steel and started

in 1887, reaches the greatest height. The first two had utilitarian purposes. Sir Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace not only served royally the Great Exhibition but, being demountable, was transferred afterwards to Sydenham, where it was used for sculpture, painting and architectural exhibits, and for concerts until November 1936, when it burned, a lost symbol of happiness and brotherhood. The Brooklyn Bridge, built to connect the two great boroughs of New York City, reflected the desire to increase real estate values in Brooklyn. The Eiffel Tower, on the other hand, in a case in itself. Built for the Paris Exhibition of 1889, it was meant to provide ostensibly nothing more or less than a magnificent view of Paris. Monsieur Eiffel extolled its utility as a military lookout, the salubrity of the air at its top, its uses as a laboratory to experiment with wind and gravity, but the innerspring to its construction was to demonstrate that France, 100 years after the revolution, was a leader of the technical world, capable of realizing the dream of a tower 300 meters high, almost 100 feet. It would be twice as high as the Washington Monument, at that time the tallest structure. Whatever its motivation, the tower in itself was and is totally “useless” from a practical point of view.

世界上最大的三个建筑是19世纪后半叶结构创新的产物。水晶宫是为1851年在伦敦举行的世界博览会而建造的，占地面积最大。布鲁克林大桥于1887年开工，用钢材建成，达到了最高的高度。前两个有实用的目的。约瑟夫·帕克斯顿爵士(Sir Joseph Paxton)的水晶宫(Crystal Palace)不仅在“伟大的展览”(Great Exhibition)中发挥了重要作用，而且由于可以拆卸，后来被转移到西德纳姆(Sydenham)，用于雕塑、绘画和建筑展览，以及音乐会，直到1936年11月，水晶宫才被烧毁，成为幸福和兄弟情谊的失落象征。布鲁克林大桥(Brooklyn Bridge)是为了连接纽约市的两个大行政区而建的，它反映了人们增加布鲁克林房地产价值的愿望。另一方面，埃菲尔铁塔本身就是一个例子。它是为1889年的巴黎展览而建的，表面上的目的是为人们提供一幅壮丽的巴黎景色。埃菲尔先生赞扬其效用作为军事警戒,空气的有益健康的,它的使用作为一个实验室与风和重力实验,但内装弹簧的施工证明,法国,100年革命之后,是一个领导者的技术世界中,有能力实现梦想的塔高300米,将近100英尺。它的高度将是当时最高的华盛顿纪念碑的两倍。不管它的动机是什么，从实用的角度来看，这座塔本身是完全“无用的”。

If we leave aside defense towers built by the Saracens all along the Mediterranean coast and similar defense towers of the medieval walled towns of Italy and France, almost all the other great towers