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初中英语 语法基础知识总结 一、名词 1．可数名词
可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词，包括个体名词和集体名词，有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下：
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词加-es（除stomach）。
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。 以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的，如：beliefs， proofs。变f或fe为-ves的，如：knives，leaves，wives，lives，thieves．wolves，shelves，。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。
以o结尾直接加-s，如：zoos，pianos，kilos，photos，autos，radios。加-es，如：Negroes，heroes，potatoes。
复数不规则的名词，如：man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，goose—geese，ox—oxen，child—children，tooth—teeth等。
单复数形式一样的名词，如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，means，works等。
2．不可数名词
不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。 以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。
某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。 3．名词的所有格
(1) “’s”所有格。一般名词后加“’s”。如：Tom’s brother’s bag。
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，在名词右上方加“’”。如：the workers’ organization。 以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音[Z]结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“’”，也可加“’s”。如：Dickens’/Dickens’s cup。
如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只有后一个名词加“’s”；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“’s”。如：Tom and Mary’s room（共有）；Mary’s and Tom’s cups（不共有）。
(2) 表示无生命东西的名词，通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，总的来讲of所有格是’s所有格的一种替换形式。如：the class—room of the school。
(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“’s”来构成所有格。如：today’s newspaper。
一、基本型
写出下列名词的复数形式：
1. pencil-box ___________ 2. wife _______ 3. Sunday________ 4. city______ 5. dress _______6. Englishman ________ 7. match _______ 8. Chinese ________9. zoo ________ 10. exam________ 11. German __________ 12. I have a lot of ________(作业) to do every day. 13. His _______(裤子) are new, but mine are old. 14. It is the best one of the _________ (照片) in my family. 15. Are they building any _______ (图书馆) in the city? 16. Can you cut this big pear into two _______(半)?
17. At the end of _______(八月), you must get ready for the new school year.
二、提高型来源：
1.June 1st is ____ Day all over the world.
A. Child’s B. Childs’ C. Children’sD. Childrens’ 2.September 10th is ___ Day in China, isn’t it? A. Teacher’sB. Teachers’C. TeacherD. Teacher of _____ is made of _____.
A. Glass; glassB. A glass; glassC. Glasses; glasses D. A glass; glasses 3.This is _______ news.
A. such a good B. a very good C. so good a D. such good 4.What ______ it is! Let’s go swimming.
A. a fine weatherB. fine dayC. a fine dayD. bad weather 5.They like Chinese _____.
A. food and peoples B. foods and people C. foods and people D. food and people
6.Lucy and I go to school _____ every day. A. on feetB. on footC. by footsD. by buses1
7. What are you listening to, Jane? ____ or ____?
A. a music; a newsB. music; newsC. music; newsD. music; a news 8.How many ____ and ____ are there in your class? A. boy student; girl onesB. girls students; boys ones C. boys student; girl oneD. girl students; boy ones
9..A group of ____ are talking with two ___ over there. A. Frenchmen; GermansB. Frenchmen; Germen C. German; FrenchmenD. Germans; Frenchmans 10.. That bus driver drank two _____.
A. glass of waterB. glasses of watersC. cups of teaD. cup of tea 11.. Mrs. Smith is an old friend of _______.
A. Bob’s motherB. Bob’s mother’sC. mother of BobD. Bob mother’s 12.. The tall man with a big nose is _______ teacher. A. Tom and CarlB. Tom’s and Carl’sC. Tom and Carl’s
13.esterday a few _____ came to visit some ______ in Shantou. A. German; places of interestB. Germans; places of interests C. Germans; places of interestD. Germen; places of interest
14.hen autumn comes, ______ of most trees turn yellow and then fall down.
A. leafB. leafsC. leave D. leaves
二、冠词