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Eleven American Nobel Prize Winners

in Literature

1930: Sinclair Lewis, 刘易斯Babbit《巴比特》获诺贝尔文学奖 1936: Eugene O’Neill, 奥尼尔Beyond the Horizon《天边外》获诺贝尔文学奖

1938: Pearl S. Buck, 赛珍珠The Good Earth《大地》获诺贝尔文学奖 1949: William Faulkner, 福克纳As I Lay Dying《我弥留之际》获诺贝尔文学奖

1954: Ernest Hemingway, 海明威The Old Man and the Sea 1962: John Steinbeck, 斯坦贝克Of Mice and Men 《人鼠之间》 1976: Saul Bellow, 索尔·贝娄Herzog《赫索格》获诺贝尔文学奖 1978: Isaac Bashevis Singer, 辛格The King of the Fields《原野王》 1980: Czeslaw Milosz, 米沃什A Book of Luminous Things: An International Anthology of Poetry《拆散的笔记簿》

1987: Joseph Brodsky,布罗德斯基From Petersburg to Stockholm《从彼得堡到斯德哥尔摩》

1993: Toni Morrison, 莫里森Song of Solomon 《所罗门之歌》 American Romanticism

It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book, and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass. Major writers of this period

Poets: William Bryant, Henry Longfellow, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt

Whitman, Emily Dickinson

Essayists: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau Fiction: Washington Irving-- comic fables James Fenimore Cooper -- frontier adventures Nathaniel Hawthorne -- psychological romances Edgar Allan Poe -- Gothic tales

Ⅰ.Washington Irving(1783-1859) --- Representatives of American Romanticism

“Father of American Literature‖

The Sketch Book marked the beginning of the American Romantic period major works: The Sketch Book， Rip Van Winkle, Legend of Sleepy Hollow （Crane）

1. The first American (true) literary writer 2. The first American man of letters

3. America’s first genuine internationally best-selling author

4. The first belletrist纯文学作家 in American literature, writing for pleasure at a time when writing was practical and for useful purposes 5. the first American writer to earn his living solely by his pen 6. the first American literary humorist 7. the first modern short story writer

8. the first to write history and biography as entertainment 9. restoring the waning Gothic romances

10. the messenger sent from the new world to the old world 11. American Goldsmith

Ⅱ.James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)-- Father of American Novels novelist, poet, critic; good at writing Gothic and detective fiction Works: The Spy 1821 《间谍》, The Pilot 1823 《水手》, Leatherstocking Tales《皮袜子故事集》(Natty Bumppo, Magua) , The Pioneers 1823 《拓荒者》, The Last of the Mohicans 1826 《最后的莫希干人》, The Prairie 1827 《大草原》, The Pathfinder 1840 《探路人》, The Deerslayer 1841《杀鹿者》

Ⅲ. Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) -- father of western detective

short story: MS. Found in a Bottle (1833) 《瓶中手稿》, The Murders in the Rue Morgue (1841)《毛格街血案》, the Fall of the House of Usher

《厄舍古屋的倒塌》，The Cask of Amontillado 《一桶白葡萄酒》，

Ligeia《丽姬娅》， The Purloined Letter 《窃信案》 poetry: The Raven (1844) 《乌鸦》 2 Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔李》 3 The Sleeper 《睡美人》

4 A Dream Within a Dream 《梦中梦》 5 Israfel 《伊斯拉菲尔》 6 The Bells 《钟》

7 Sonnet – To Science 《十四行诗--致科学》 8 To Helen 《献给海伦》

9 The City in the Sea 《海中的城市》

American Transcendentalism

Definition of Transcendentalism：Transcendentalism was a philosophical and literary movement which flourished in New England in the mid years of the 19th century. NET is also called American Transcendentalism or American Renaissance. It marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first Renaissance in the American literary history. The term was derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pass beyond the limits. It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and nature.

Ⅳ.Ralph Waldo Emerson

重要著作：《论自然》(Nature) ；《论超灵》 (Over-Soul) 、《自助》 (Self-Reliance)

1, A liberator from old conventions, a leader in experimentation and self-reliance.

2, Provided guidance and intellectual climate for other writers such as Thoreau, Hawthorne, Whitman, Melville , and Emily Dickinson. Ⅴ. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

Major Works: A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers (1849) ,

Civil Disobedience (1849), Walden (1854), A Plea for Captain John Brown (1859) Ⅵ.Nathaniel Hawthorne—the first great American writer of fiction

Works: Novels: The House of the Seven Gables,《七个尖角阁的房子》,1851

The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》,1852 The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》, 1860

The Scarlet Letter 《红字》,1850主要人物：Pearl ，Roger Chillingworth

Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales 《故事重述》,1837

，

Mosses from an Old Manse 《古宅青苔》, 1843

—His masterpiece, which established him as the leading American native novelist of the 19th century

Ⅶ. Herman Melville (1819-1891) -- Works: 1. Redburn 2. Typee 3. Omoo

1849

1846 1874 1851 1849

4. Moby Dick 5. Mardi

6. White Jacket 1850 7. Pierre

1852

8. Billy Budd 1924

Moby Dick: Type of work:

symbolic novel

Principal Characters: Ishmael, Captain Ahab First publication: 1851

Setting: Most of the book takes place on various oceans, such as the