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me members of the exchanges.

Today, however investing through security exchanges and trading on commodity exchanges has been made safer by regulations set up by the exchanges themselves and by regulations of the United States government. In 1922, the government instituted the Commodity Exchange Commission which operates though the Department of Agriculture; and in 1934, the Securities and Exchange Commission, to protect investors and the public against dishonest practices on the exchanges. ________________________________________

1. Security and commodity exchanges are meeting places for buyers and sellers of ______.

A . all of these B . grain C . securities D . stocks

正确答案:all of these

题目详解:根据第一段文章中的第一句\posts where people meet who wish to buy or sell\的提示。判断出与选项中的\of these\语义相关。

2. A sudden, sharp decline in the value of securities is called ______. A . a crash

B . a speculation C . investing D . a trade

正确答案:a crash

题目详解:依据问题中\sudden, sharp decline in the value of securities\的提示，从第3段第4句中的\sudden, sharp decline in the value of securities\的提示。判断出与选项中的\crash\语义相关。

3. Among the reasons for the Crash of 1929 were ______.

A . unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices by some businessmen

B . dishonest practices by some businessmen C . unwise speculation by many people

D . strict regulations of the Commodity Exchange Commission

正确答案:unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices by some businessmen

题目详解:依据问题中\reasons for the Crash of 1929\的提示，从第四段最后一句中的\and unwise speculation by many people and dishonest practices on the part of some businessmen and of some members of the exchanges.\的提示。判断出与选项中的\speculation by many people and dishonest practices by some businessmen\语义相关。

4. The Commodity Exchange Commission works through the ______. A . Securities Exchange Commission B . Chicago Board of Trade

C . Chicago Mercantile Exchange D . Department of Agriculture

正确答案:Department of Agriculture

题目详解:依据问题中\Commodity Exchange Commission\的提示，从最后一段文章的最后一句中的\though the Department of Agriculture\的提示。判断出与选项中的\of Agriculture\语义相关。

5. It is implied but not directly stated : _____ A . Investing in securities is unwise

B . Some exchanges provide market services for several kinds of products

C . The role of the government has been an important factor in curbing dishonest practices on the exchanges

D . Buying and selling grain is dishonest

正确答案:The role of the government has been an important factor in curbing dishonest practices on the exchanges

题目详解:依据最后一段文章的最后一句中的\protect investors and the public against dishonest practices on the exchanges\的提示。判断出与选项中的\role of the government has been an important factor in curbing dishonest practices on the exchanges\语义相关。

Most episodes of absent-mindedness -- forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room -- are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. \supposed to remember something, but you haven't encoded it deeply.'

Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don't pay attention to what you did because you're involved in a conversation, you'll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. \memory itself isn't failing you,\says Schacter. \you didn't give your memory system the information it needed.\

Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. \man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago,\says Zelinski, \not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter.\But be sure the cue is clear and available,\he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table -- don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.

Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you're there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. \ne does this from time to time,\says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you'll likely remember. ________________________________________

1. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important? A . It helps us understand our memory system better. B . It expands our memory capacity considerably. C . It slows down the process of losing our memory. D . It enables us to recall something from our memory.

正确答案:It enables us to recall something from our memory.

题目详解:根据第2段第一句中\attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later 对以后必须回忆起来的事留下印象\的\attention to\即\ng properly\的提示，判断出与选项中的\enables us to recall something from our memory\含义相关。

2. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that _______.

A . they have an unusual power of focusing their attention B . they are more reliant on the environment C . they have a wider range of interests

D . they are more interested in what's happening around them

正确答案:they are more interested in what's happening around them

题目详解:根据第三段第三句中\they pay more attention to their environment 或许是因为他们对周围的环境留下的印象更深\的提示，判断出与选项中的\are more interested in what's happening around them\含义相关。

3. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because ___________. A . it's out of your sight B . it will easily get lost

C . it might get mixed up with other things D . it's not clear enough for you to read

正确答案:it's out of your sight

题目详解:根据第四段第2句中\be sure the cue is clear and available 确保提示物非常容易看到\的提示，判断出与选项中的\out of your sight\含义相关。 4. What do we learn from the last paragraph?

A . If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another. B . if we keep forgetting things, we'd better return to where we were. C . Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment. D . Repetition helps improve our memory.

正确答案:If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.

题目详解:根据最后一段第，二句中\Most likely, you were thinking about something else 很有可能你是在想别的事情\的提示，判断出与选项中的\we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another\含义相关。 5. What is the passage mainly about? A . The process of gradual memory loss. B . A way of encoding and recalling. C . The causes of absent-mindedness.

D . The impact of the environment on memory.

正确答案:The causes of absent-mindedness.

题目详解:根据第一段第1句中\Most episodes of absent-mindedness 大多数健忘的原因…\的提示，判断出与选项中的\causes of absent-mindedness\含义相关。 People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy －one plate, one knife, one spoon, .One fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.

Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped － or, as the case might be bumped into concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.

Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers－ the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table---is itself tar from innate. ________________________________________ 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A . The development of mathematical ability in children. B . The use of mathematics in child psychology.

C . The fundamental concepts of mathematics that children must learn. D . Trends in teaching mathematics to children.

正确答案:The development of mathematical ability in children.

题目详解:依据问题中?What does the passage mainly discuss?的提示，从第1段第2句中?…develop so early and so inexorably that… （儿童的计算能力是很早很自然地培养起来的，所以…）?提供的信息判断，选项中的\development of mathematical ability in children.\符合题意。

2. It can be inferred from the passage that children normally learn simple counting______.

A . soon after they learn to talk

B . when they begin to be mathematically mature C . after they reach second grade in school D . by looking at the clock

正确答案:soon after they learn to talk

题目详解:依据问题中?children normally learn simple counting?的提示，从第一段的第三句中?Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set…（在学会讲话和走路后不久，孩子们就能够…）?提供的信息判断，选项中的\after they learn to talk \符合题意。 3. The author implies that most small children believe that the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different ______. A . color B . quality C . shape D . weight

正确答案:shape

题目详解:依据问题中?the quantity of water changes when it is transferred to a container of a different?的提示，从第二段最后一句中?quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one?提供的信息判断，选项中的\符合题意。

4. According to the passage, when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils they ______.

A . counted the number of pencils of each color B . guessed at the total number of pencils

C . counted only the pencils of their favorite color

D . subtracted the number of red pencils from the number of blue pencils

正确答案:counted the number of pencils of each color

题目详解:依据问题中?when small children were asked to count a pile of red and blue pencils?的提示，从第三段中?…readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but…（如果要孩子们数一堆铅笔的话，孩子们一定会按红色的或蓝色的包除数字，然而.…..）?提供的信息判断，选项中的 \the number of pencils of each color\符合题意。 5. The word \(Para.3, Line 4) refers to _____. A . studies B . pencils

C . mathematicians D . children

正确答案:studies

题目详解:依据问题中?The word \的提示，从最后一段的第2句中?Such studies have suggested that?提供的信息判断，选项中的\符合题意。

Traditionally, the first firm to commercialize a new technology has benefited from the unique opportunity to shape product definitions, forcing followers to adapt to a standard or invest in an unproven alternative. Today, however, the largest payoffs may go to companies that lead in developing integrated approaches for successful mass production and distribution.

Producers of the Beta format for video cassette recorders (VCR's), for example, were first to develop the VCR commercially in 1975, but producers of the rival VHS (Video Home System) format proved to be more successful at forming strategic