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(2)have, has, had, having (3)shall, will, should, would (4)do, does, did
这些助动词一般没有词义,主要帮助构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等,或构成疑问及否定形式。 2.助动词be可用来: (1)构成进行时态:
I’ll be seeing her at 10 tomorrow. 我明天十点和她会面。
What have you been doing these days? 这些天来你在干什么? (2)构成被动语态:
What has been assigned for today’s homework? 今天留了什么作业?
Preparations are being made for the speech contest. 演讲比赛的准备工作正在进行。
(3)和动词不定式构成复合谓语,表示按计划安排即将发生的事情: A new hospital is to be built in our district. 我们区要修建一所新医院。 Where are we to meet? 我们在哪里碰头? 3.助动词have可用来:
(1)构成完成时态和完成进行时态:
Great successes have been achieved on all fronts. 在各个战线上都取得了巨大的胜利。
That was the place I had been longing to see. 这是我一直渴望见到的地方。
(2)和动词不定式构成谓语,表示不得不做的事情:
The train has left.We’ll have to wait for the next train. 火车开了,我们得等下一班车了。
Do we have to translate the whole text into Chinese? No,you don’t have to. 我们需要把整篇课文译成汉语吗?不必。
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4. 助动词Shall可以用来:
(1)构成将来时态,单纯表示未来情况。在陈述句中只用于第一人称: We shan’t be back tonight. 我们今晚不回来。
I shall be having an interview with a foreign visitor tonight. 今晚我和一位外宾会晤。
(2)用在问句中征求对方的意见: Shall I turn on the light? 要开灯吗? Shall we sit here? 咱们坐这儿怎么样? 助动词will可以用来:
(1)构成将来时态,主要用于第二、三人称: The agreement will come into force next spring. 协议将在明年春天生效。
When will you be able to give us an answer? 你什么时候能给我们答复?
(2)用于疑问句,表示请进、邀请: Will you type this,please? 请把这打一下好吗?
If you want help,let me know,will you ? 需要帮忙就告诉我好吗? 5.助动词do可以用来: (1)构成疑问式和否定式:
Do you study english? 你学习英语吗?
Don’t bother Father with all these silly questions. 别问这些傻问题来打扰你爸爸了。 (2)加强语气(用于强调谓语):
I do think you should go. 我的确认为你应当去。 She does fell that way. 千万要来参加我们的活动。 (3)代替前面刚出现的动词来避免重复:
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You like folk music very much,don’t you?-- Yes ,I do. 你很喜欢民间音乐,对吧?--对。
第十四讲 动词不定式
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,通常前面带有小品词to。由于它毕竟是一个动词,因此具有动词的许多特点。它可以有自己的宾语或状语,来和它构成不定式短语。不定式(短语)在句中可以起六大成分作用:主语,表语,宾语,定语,状语和宾语补足语。
1.常用来作主语:
To persevere means victory! 坚持就是胜利!
To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。
但在很多情况下,特别是在口语中,我们常常用代词it来代替它作主语,而把它移到句子后部去,这样使句子显得比较平稳:
It is not an easy thing to master a language. 学好一种语言是不容易的。
It only took (us) a year to complete the project. 完成这项工程只花了(我们)一年时间。
如果要说明不定式表示的动作是谁做的,可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语: It is not hard for one to do a bit of good. 一个人做点好事并不难。
It will be a mistake for us not to help them. 我们不帮助他们是错误的。 2.常用来作表语:
His job was to make contacts with the local people. 他的任务是和当地人联系。
Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all. 抓而不紧,等于不抓。 3.常用来作宾语: He offered to help us. 他提出要帮助我们。
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I did not think (expect) to find you here. 没想到在这儿碰到你。
I hope you’ll advise me what to do. 我希望你给我出主意怎么办好。
No one could tell me where to get the book. 没有人能告诉我哪里能找到这本书。
We found it impossible to get everything ready in time. 我们发现不可能把一切都按时准备好。
She thought it unneccessary to argue with him about it. 她觉得没有必要和他辩论。 4.常用来作定语:
I want to get something to read during the vacation. 我想找点书假期看。
Do you have anything more to say? 你还有什么话要说吗?
She was the first person to think of the idea. 她是第一个想到这个主意的。
There is nothing (for us) to worry about. 没有什么值得发愁的。 5.常用来作状语:
They ran over to welcome the delegates. 他们跑过去欢迎代表们。
To protect his comrades, he heroically laid down his lif. 为了保护同志们,他英勇地献出了自己的生命。
She decided to work harder in order (so as) to catch up with the others. 她决定加紧学习好赶上别人。 6.常用来作宾语补足语:
He wants you to call him back at 11. 他要你十一点给他回电话。
Would you like us to go with you? 你愿意我们和你一道去吗?
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注意:在下列动词后常用不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语:see, watch, hear, feel, let, have, make, notice, observe, small等。
Don’t forget to have him come. 别忘了让他来。
Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense. 突然我们感到气氛紧张了起来。
动名词
动名词是动词的另一种非谓语形式。由于它毕竟是一个动词,因此具有动词的许多特点。他可以有自己的宾语或状语,来和它构成动名词短语。动名词(短语)在句中可以起五大成分作用:主语,表语,宾语,定语和介词宾语。
1.常用来作主语: Talking mends no holes. 空谈无济于事。(谚)
Breathing became difficult on the summits. 在上顶上呼吸变得困难了。
It is no use sending him over. It’s too late already. 派他去没用,已经太晚了。
It’s no good waiting here. Lat’s walk home. 在这儿等没好处,咱们走回去吧。
2.常用来作表语:
Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。
The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。
注意:动名词和不定式都可以作主语和表语。一般来说,在表示比较抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词;
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