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2012届高考英语考前冲刺专题精选写作指导

一、高考“短文写作”评分标准 I、评分原则

①评分时，先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。

②如规定词数是100左右，词数少于80，从总分中减去5分，,多于120的，不扣分。

③评分时应注意的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇、语法结构的数量和准确性以及上下文的重要性。

④并写的标点符号是语言准确性的一个方面。评分时应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美拼写及词汇用法均可接受。

⑤如书写较差以至影响交际，将分数降低一个档次。 Ⅱ、各档次的给分范围和要求。（满分30分） 第五档（很好）：（25-30分） 第四档（好）（19-24分） 第三档（适当）：（13-18） 第二档（较差）：（7—12分） 第一档（差）：（1-6分）

二、解读“高考短文写作”评分标准 Ⅰ、如何理解“高考短文写作”评分标准 这里所说的“应用了较多的词汇”，是指词汇使用的多样性，如词性的多样性、高级词汇的使用、同义词与反义词的使用、短语的运用等。所谓“高级词汇”绝不是指偏僻或怪异的词汇，指的是大纲中有但课本中出现的频率不高而实际中经常用到，或大纲中没有列入或没有识记要求，但在实际运用中却出现比较频繁的词汇（包括短语）。请看下面的例子：

1、词性的多样性：大多数词不止一种词性，有的需要利用构词法进行词性转换： increase steadily.→It helps a lot. / It’s of great help. 2、高级词汇的运用：

a. Your efforts will be very important. → Your efforts will make a great difference.

b. It’s wise to buy an up—to—date version（最新的版本）。→ It’s makes sense to buy an up—to—date version. 3、同义词的运用：

a. more and more people → an increasing number of people. b. attractive → appealing / inviting / fascinating. （吸引人的） c. more and more important → increasingly significant.. d. cause（引起）→ result in / lead to / bring about. e. in fact→in reality / as a matter of fact / in truth. 4、恰字利用短语取代单词：

a. Suddenly I had a good idea. → Suddenly I came up with a good idea. →All of a sudden, a good idea occurred to me.

b. I tried hard to understand what was happening. → I tried hard to figure out what was going on.

c. He refused to listen to his father. → He turned a deaf ear to his father. Ⅱ、如何理解“应用了较多的语法结构？”

“较多的语法结构”就是指句式结构的多样性。单调的句式和结构、长度相近的句子会使文章呆板单调，缺乏生气和活力，而灵活多变的句式则使行文丰富多彩、生动、自然、流畅。 名词性从句（主语、宾语、表语、同位）、定语从旬、倒装句、虚拟语气、非谓语动词形式（to do, -ing , done）、强调句式、被动语态、甚至独立主格结构（含with的复合结构）等语法结构的正确使用，可以使行文中简单句、并列句、复合句交替使用，使文章的语言充满层次感，从而较好地反映出考生的语言驾驶驭和运用能力。 请体会以下句式的转换： 1、复合句与并列句转换

eg: If you don’t start off early, you’ll be late for the conference. → Start off early or you’ll be late for the conference. 2、并列句与简单句转换

eg: She wanted to become a college student , so she studied hared. → She studied hard so as to become a college student. 3、名词性从句与非谓语结构的转化

eg: That he had won the game delighted his parents. → His winning the game delighted his parents. 4、定语从句与非谓语结构的转化

eg: The building (which is) being built is our library. 5、状语从句与非谓语结构的转化

eg: After hw had done his homework, he began to play computer games. →Hauing done his homework, he began to play computer games. 6、主动式和被动式的转换

eg: Some people believe that it will be possible for man to live on another planet. →It’s believed (by some people) that it will be possible… 7、肯定式与否定式的转换

eg:a. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. → I shall go there unless it rains.

b. I will try my best not to let them down. → I will try my best to live up to their expectations. 8、正常语序和倒装语序的转换

eg: a. We did not realize the importance of environmental protection until the 1980s. →Not until the 1980s did we realize the importance of environmental Protection. b. We can achieve success in this way. →Only in this way can we achieve success. c. If I had worked hard at school, my life today would be quite different. →Had I worked hard at school , …… 9、with复合结构的运用

eg: With the College Entrance Examination drawing near, many of us are getting more and more nervous.

10、强调句式的运用

eg: It is the government’s efforts that make the villagers get over the present difficult. 11、独立主格结构的运用

eg: If times permits, I’ll go with them to help those homeless people. →Time permitting , I’ll go with them to help…… Ⅲ、如何理解“上下文的连贯性”？

评分标准中指出，短文写作应该注意“上下文的连贯性”，并能“有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑”。此时所说的连贯性，是指段与段、句与句之间以一种明晰的、合乎逻辑的顺序组织与安排，做到在文意与结构上层次分明，条理清楚，连贯流畅。 高考书面表达常用过渡性连接词分类如下： 1.表示递进关系的：

besides, moreover, furthermore similarly, in addition, what’s more. What’s worse, worse still. 2.表示转折关系的：

yet, however, nevertheless, while, otherwise, on the contrary, in spite of 3.表示因果关系的：

there fore, thus, consequently, as a result, owing to thanks to , due to, on account of, now that, as a con-sequence, because of 4. 表示条件关系的：

as (so) long as, on condition that, unless, suppose/ supposing, provided / providing 5.表示解释、说明关系的：

that is (to say), in other words, in fact/reality, as a matter of fact, such as, for example/ instance, to tell you the truth 6. 表示列举的：

firstly, secondly, thirdly, on (the) ne hand…on the other hand, for one thing…for another(一则…再则…), to begin with, 7. 表示个人观点的

in my (personal) opinion, al/so far as I’m concerned , from my point of view, it’s my belief that……

8. 表示时间顺序的

afterwards, after that, in the begriming , all of a sudden, at that moment, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, in the meantime, not … until, in the end, eventually 9. 表示空间顺序的：

On the right / left, on the side of , at the end of , on the other side of, at the top/ foot, in the middle / center/ front of in/ on / to the east (of), next to, beyond, nearby 10. 表示总结陈述的

in a word, on the whole, in short, in brief, all in all, to sum up, in conclusion, to conclude 三、短文写作总体构思、布局、成文的步骤 1、审题：

①审考查形式（提纲式、图表式、图画式、半开放或开放式）； ②审体载（记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文）；

③审格式（特别是应用文的格式——书信、日记、演讲稿、通知、倡议书、便条等）； ④审写作的人称和时态（如用错，从得分中扣分）； ⑤审题目规定的写作要求； ⑥审要求的字数和参考词汇等。

2、确定应写的要点内容（含自己的看法、感受、自由发挥的）。 3、选定使用的关键词、短语。（词汇美） 4、拟定使用的语法句式。（结构美） 5、选定使用的过渡连接词语（衔接美） 6、确定段落层次。（结构美） 7、连词成句、连句成文。（内容美；外在美）