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Lesson 1 Pub Talk and the King’s English 1. Alliteration

the King’s English slips and slides (Para. 18) 2. Allusions 暗指，引喻

--musketeers of Dumas (Para. 3) --descendants of convicts (Para. 7) --Saxon churls (Para. 8)

--Norman conquerors (Para. 8) 3. Exaggeration

Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. (Para. 3) 4. Metaphor

1. No one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. (Para. 2) 2. They got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. (Para. 3) 3. Suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place (Para. 4) 4. The glow of the conversation burst into flames. (Para. 6) 5. The conversation was on wings. (Para. 8) 6. We ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. (Para. 11) 7. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. (Para. 14)

8. I have an unending love affair with dictionaries. (Para. 17) 9. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King’s English slips and slides in conversation. (Para. 18) 10. “the sinister corridor of our age…” (Para. 18)

11. Otherwise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. (Para. 20) 12. We would never have gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest. (Para. 20) 5. Simile

1. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into each other’s… (Para. 3)

2. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock,…(Para. 14)

Lesson 2 Marrakech

Simile

1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. (Para. 2) 2. ,…sore-eyed children cluster everywhere in unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies. (Para. 8) 3. …where the soil is exactly like broken-up brick. (Para. 18) 4. Long lines of women, bent double like inverted capital Ls (Para. 18) 5. …their feet squashed into boots that looked like blocks of wood… (Para. 23) 6. ,…glittering like scraps of paper. (Para. 26) Metaphor

1. They rise out of the earth, …(Para. 3)

2. Down the center of the street there is generally running a little river of urine. (Para. 8) Alliteration

sweat and starve (Para. 3) Transferred Epithet

--there was a frenzied rush of Jews (Para. 10) Onomatopoeia

, winding up the road with a clumping of boots and a clatter of iron wheels (Para. 22)

Synecdoche

1. a white skin is always fairly conspicuous (Para. 16) 2. , actually has feelings of reverence before a white skin. (Para. 24) Rhetorical Question

1. Are they really the same flesh as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of differentiated brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? (Para. 3) 2. How much longer can we go one kidding these people? How long before they turn their guns in the other direction? (Para. 25)

Understatement

I am not commenting, merely pointing to a fact. (Para. 21)

Lesson 3 Inaugural Address (January 20, 1961)

Parallelism

…, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. (Para. 1) Paras. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 Alliteration

1. …friend and foe alike… (Para. 3)

2. to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (Para. 4) 3. steady spread (Para. 13) 4. …bear the burden… (Para. 22)

5. …strength and sacrifice… (Para.26) Metaphor

1.…those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside. (Para. 7) 2. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. (Para. 9) 3. this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house. (Para. 9) 4. to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak… (Para. 10)

5. And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion… (Para. 19)

6. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world. (Para. 24) Consonance

…, whether it wishes us well or ill,… (Para. 4) Synecdoche

…both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom….(Para. 13) Antithesis

1. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder. (Para. 6)

2. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich. (Para. 8) 3. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)

Repetition

all forms of (Para. 2) the belief (Para. 2) Regression

1. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate. (Para. 14)

2. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para. 25)

Allusion

one hundred days (Para. 20)

Climax

All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. (Para. 20) Hyperbole

hour of maximum danger (Para. 24)

Lesson 4 Love is a Fallacy

Metaphor

1. Charles Lamb, unfettered the informal essay with.... “Dream’s Children”. (Author’s Note) 2. There follows an informal essay....frontier. (Author’s Note)

3. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. (Author’s Note)

4. My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. (Para. 17) 5. In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. (Para. 31) 6. I fought off a wave of despair. (Para. 76) 7. Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. (Para. 95) 8. The next fallacy is called Poisoning the Well. (Para. 112) 9.”The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has hamstrung his opponent before he could even start.” (Para. 116) 10. The rat! (Para. 148) Simile

1. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1) 2. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. (Para. 2) 3. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. (Para. 47) 4. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. (Para. 54) 5. ...the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet. (Para. 94) 6. It was like digging a tunnel. (Para. 120) 7. I leaped to my feet, bellowing like a bull. (Para. 144) Antithesis

1. “It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.” (Para. 24) 2. “Back and forth his head swiveled，desire waxing, resolution waning.” (Para. 47)

3. If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object. If there is an immovable object, there can be no irresistible force. (Para. 91) 4. “Look at me--a brilliant student...coming from.” (Para. 150) Hyperbole

1. Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. (Author’s Note)

2. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist’s scale, as penetrating as a scalpel. (Para. 1) 3. It’s not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. (Para. 2)

4. Finally he didn’t turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat. (Para. 47) 5. You are the whole world…of outer space (Para. 132)

6. “I will wander the face of the earth, a shambling, hollow-eyed hulk.” (Para. 132) Metonymy

1. But I was not one to let my heart rule my head. (Para. 20) 2. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. (Para. 70) 3. You are guilty of Post Hoc if you blame Eula Becker. (Para. 79) Litotes

This loomed as a project of no small dimensions. (Para. 58) Synecdoche

There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear. (Para. 112) Analogy

Just as Pygmalion loved the perfect woman he had fashioned, so I loved mine. (Para. 122) Transferred Epithet

I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left. (Para. 37) Rhetorical Question

Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin? (Authors’ Note) “Really?” said Polly, amazed. “Nobody?” (Para. 73) Who knew? (Para. 95)

Lesson 5 The Sad Young Men

Metaphor:

1. …we had reached an international stature that would forever prevent us from retreating behind the artificial walls of a provincial morality… (Para. 2) 2. battle for success (Para. 3)

3. And like most escapist sprees, this one lasted until the money ran out, until the crash of the world economic structure at the end of the decade called the party to a halt and forced the revelers to sober up and face the problems of the new age. (Para. 4)

4. …once the young men had received a good taste of twentieth-century warfare. (Para. 6) 5. …they had outgrown town and families (Para. 6) 6. …in sleepy Gopher Prairies all over the country (Para. 6) 7. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth” (Para. 8)

8. …now began to imitate the manners of their elders and play with the toys of vulgar rebellion. (Para. 8) 9. …was the rallying point of sensitive persons disgusted with America. (Para. 9) 10. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,…(Para. 9) Personification:

…the country was blind and deaf to everything…dollar…. (Para. 9) Metonymy:

1. …our young men began to enlist under foreign flags. (Para. 5) 2. Greenwich Village set the pattern. (Para. 7) 3. …their minds and pens inflamed against war,…(Para. 7)

4. …to add their own little matchsticks to the conflagration of “flaming youth” (Para. 8) 5. Before long the movement had become officially recognized by the pulpit…(Para. 8)

6. …but since the country was blind and deaf to everything save the glint and ring of the dollar,…(Para. 9) Transferred epithet:

The slightest mention of the decade brings nostalgic recollections to the middle-aged and curious questionings by the young…(Para. 11) Simile:

The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of the Victorian social structure… (Para. 3)