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第七章 动词语态

一、被动语态的构成

动词的语态有两种：一种是主动语态（主语是动作的执行者），另一种是被动语态（主语是．．．动作的承受者）。谓语动词为主动语态的句子叫主动句，谓语动词为被动语态的句子叫被动．．．句。

1. 被动语态的构成形式：

助动词be+（not）+（及物动词的）过去分词

此时，由助动词be来反映时态的变化，常见有以下八种形式：

am 一般现在时 is are 一般过去时 一般将来时 现在完成时 was were will shall have has +done +be done +been done 过去进行时 过去将来时 过去完成时 +done 现在进行时 am is are was were +being done +being done would/should+be done was/were to be done had +been done 2. 含情态动词的被动语态形式

当被动语态与情态动词结合使用时，其结构形式为“情态动词+be+过去分词” Festivals can also be held to honor famous people.

3. “get+done”被动语态构成形式

这种形式的被动语态主要用于表示自己做某事，设法做到自己称心的事或表示“变得……” Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.

二、主动语态与被动语态的转换

主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤：先将主动句中的宾语变为被动句中的主语；再将主动句中的谓语变成被动形式（谓语动词的时态不变）；最后将主动句中的主语变为由介词by引导的

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短语并后置（主语为人称代词时放在介词by后须变为宾格）。 主动语态：Rowling wrote Harry Potter. 主语 谓语 宾语 被动语态：Harry Potter was written by Rowling. 主语 谓语 宾语 1. “主语+谓语动词+宾语”结构变被动句

变成被动句时，将宾语变为被动句中的主语。

主动句：The government supported the research. 政府支持这项研究。

被动句：The research was supported by the government. 这项研究得到了政府的支持。 重点拓展：

? 主动句子如果是带no的否定句，被动句常用no, neither或never等。

No one has ever beaten her at tennis. ——She has never been beaten at tennis.

? 否定的主动句中带有any-构成的不定代词作宾语时，变成被动句时，主语常用no-构成

的否定代词。

We didn’t notice anything special in his work.——Nothing special was noticed in his work.

2. “主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语”结构变成被动句

变成被动句时，有两种情况：将间接宾语变成被动句的主语，直接宾语的位置不变；把直接宾语变成被动句的主语，间接宾语前面加上介词to或for。

My uncle bought me a new computer.——I was bought a new computer by my uncle.——A new computer was bought for me by my uncle.

当直接宾语是从句时就不能变成被 并非所有的双宾语结构都可变为两种形式的被动句，

动句的主语。

She was told me when the project would start.——I was told when the project would start. When the project would start was told to me.(该句是错误的)

3. “主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾补”结构变被动

变成被动句时，将宾语变成被动句的主语，宾语补足语位置不变，也自然成为主语补足语。 People call this team a cheerleading squad.人们把这个队叫拉拉队。（主动句，宾语补足语为a cheerleading squad）

This team is called a cheerleading squad.（被动句，主动句中的宾语补足语a cheerleading squad变成了主语补足语） 重点拓展：

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在主动句中，使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面接不定式作宾语补足语时，不带to，但变成被动句时，需加上to。 I saw a stranger enter the hall.——A stranger was seen to enter the hall.

4. 含有be going to do和be to do等结构的主动句变被动句

含有be going to do和be to do等结构的主动句变被动句时，谓语动词分别用be going to be done和be to be done结构，其中第一个be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。

We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting. ——The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.

They are to show this new film on TV next week. ——The new film is to be shown on TV next week.

5. 含有宾语从句的主动句变为被动句

带有宾语从句的主动句变成被动句时，通常用it作被动句的形式主语，谓语动词改为be done结构，宾语从句保留不变，也就自然成了主语从句；或将主语从句中从句的主语变成被动句的主语，从句的谓语变成不定式短语。

We know that he is the best dentist in the town.——It is known to us that he is the best dentist in the town.——He is known to be the best dentist in the town.

用it作形式主语的被动语态句型还有： It is said that…据说……

It is reported that….据报道…… It is believed that….人们相信…… It is thought that…人们认为…… It is known that….众所周知……

6. 祈使句变被动句

祈使句变被动句时通常有两种情况：

（1）肯定祈使句的被动语态：Let+宾语+be+过去分词。

Move the desk into the passage.把课桌搬到走廊去。——Let the desk be moved into the passage.