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北京师范大学2008 年考博英语试题及答案解析

第一部分：试题

Part 1 Listening Comprehension (15%) Part 11 Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions: Read the following passages carefully and then select the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C, and D by marking the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.

1

The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially form the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, if any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well.

Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. 16. The word “spas” (Line 3, Para. 1) most probably refers to _________.

A) sports activities

B) places for physical exercise C) recreation centers

D) athletic training programs

17. Early fitness spas were intended mainly for __________.

A) the promotion of aerobic exercise B) endurance and muscular development C) the improvement of women’s figures D) better performance in aerobic dancing

18. What was the attitude of doctors towards weight training in health improvement?

A) Positive. B) Indifferent. C) Negative.

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D) Cautious.

19. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.

A) how ell they could do in athletics B) what their health condition was like

C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise

20. Recent studies have suggested that weight training __________.

A) has become an essential part of people’s life B) may well affect the health of the trainees C) will attract more people in the days to come D) contributes to health improvement as well

2

Fungi, of which there are over 100,000 species, including yeasts and other single-celled organisms as well as the common molds and mushrooms, were formerly classified as members of the plant kingdom, However, in reality they are very different from paints and today they are placed in a separate group altogether, The principal reason for this is that none of there possesses chlorophyll, and since they cannot synthesize their own carbohydrates. They obtain their supplies either from the breakdown of dead organic matter or from other living organisms, Furthermore the walls of fungal cells are not made of cellulose, as those of plants are, but of another complex sugar-like polymer called chitin the material from which the hard outer skeletons of shrimps, spiders, and insects are made. The difference between the chemical composition of the cell walls of fungi and those of plants is of enormous importance because it enables the tips of the growing

hyphac, the threadlike cells of the fungus, to secrete enzymes that break down the walls of plant cells without having any effect on those of the fungus itself It is these

cellulose-destroying enzymes that enable fungi to attack anything made from wood, wood pulp, cotton, flax, or other plant material.

The destructive power of fungi is impressive, They are major cause of structure damage to building timbers, a cause of disease in animals and humans, and one of the greatest causes of agricultural losses. Entire crops can be wiped out by fungal attacks both before and after harvesting, Some fungi can grow at+50 oC , while others can grow at-50 oC , so even food in cold storage may not be completely safe from them, On the other hand, fung bring about the decomposition of dead organic matter, this enriching the soil and returning carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, They also enter into a number of mutually beneficial relationships with plants and other organisms In addition, lung are the source of marry of the most potent antibiotics used in clinical medicine, including penicillin 21. What does paragraph one mainly discuss?

A. differences between simple and complex fungi B. functions of chlorophyll in plants

C. functions of sugar in the walls of fungal cells D. differences between fungi and plants

22. Which of the following is mentioned as a major change in how scientists approach the

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study of fungi?

A. Fungi are no longer classified as plants.

B. Some single-celled organisms are no longer classified as fungi C. New methods of species identification have been introduced

D. Theories about the chemical composition of fungi have been revised.

23. The skeletons of shrimps, spiders and insects are mentioned in paragraph one because they ______.

A. can be destroyed by fungi

B. have unusual chemical compositions

C. contain a material found in the walls of fungal cells D. secrete the same enzymes as the walls of fungal cells do 24. Fungi have all the following characteristics EXCEPT _______. A. They grow hyphac B. They secrete enzymes C. They synthezise cellulose D. They destroy crops

25. The passage mentions “penicillin” (last line) as an example of _______. A. a medicine derived from plants B. a beneficial use of fungi C. a product of the

D. a type of fungi that grows at extreme temperatures

3

By far the most important United States export product in the 18 th and 19th centuries was cotton favored by the European textile over flax or wool because it was easy

to process and soft to touch. Mechanization of spinning and waving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during this period and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American producers were able to meet this demand largely because of the invention of the coition gin by Eli Whitey in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber—or lint—from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the base of the flower, but is demanded long growing season, available only along the nation’s casterm seacoast .Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season, but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could hand-process only about one pound per day Whitney’s gin was a hand-powered machine with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull Cotton fibers away from seeds . Using the gin, a worker could produce up to SO percents of Lint a day The later development of larger gins powered by horses, water or stream Multiplied productivity further

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to a rapid spread of the

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