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As we age, our tissues accumulate senescent cells which are alive but do not grow or ____39____ as they should. These old cells lose the ability to correctly regulate the output of their genes. This is one reason why tissues and organs become susceptible to disease as we age. When activated, genes make a message that gives the ____40____

for the cell to behave in a certain way. Most genes can make more than one message, which determines how the cell acts.

Splicing factors are crucial in ensuring that genes can perform their full range of functions.

III. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

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Cameron Buckner, assistant professor of philosophy at the University of Houston, argues in an article published in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research that a wide range of animal species exhibit so-called “ executive control” when it comes to making decisions, _____41___ considering their goals and ways to satisfy those goals before acting.

He acknowledges that language is ____42___ for some experienced forms of higher-order thinking, or thinking about thinking. But supported by a review of previously published research, Buckner _____43____ that a wide variety of animals -- -elephants, chimpanzees( 黑猩猩), ravens( 大乌鸦) and lions, among others ---

______44____ reasonable decision-making.

“ These data suggest that not only do some animals have a subjective take on the suitability of the ___45_____ they are evaluating for their goal, they possess a subjective, internal signal regarding their confidence in this take can be used to select among different options,” he wrote.

The question has been ____46____ since the days of the ancient philosophers, as people considered what means to be human is. One way to address that, Buckner said, is to ____47____exactly what sets humans apart from other animals.

Language remains a key difference between animals and humans, and Buckner notes that serious ____48____

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in the 1970s and 80s to teach animal’s human language—teaching chimpanzees to use sign language, ___49___ ----found that although they were able to express simple ideas, they did not engage in ____50___

thought and language structures.

Ancient philosophers relied upon unreliable ___51___ to study the issue, but today’s researcher conduct complicated controlled experiments. Buckner, working with Thomas Bugnyar and Stephan A. Reber, mental biologist at the University of Vienna, last year ____52____ the results of a result that determined ravens share at least some of the human ability to think abstractly about other minds, ___53____ their behavior by attaching their own observations to others.

In his latest paper, Buckner offers several examples to support his ____54____. His goal, Buckner said, was to organize experimental research, “to see that we’re gathered enough evidence to say that animals really are ___55_____ in a unique way.”

B. C.

41. A. unintentioscarcesecretly nally ly D. consciously 42. A. B. C. requirequalifiacquird ed ed D. prepared 43. A. B. C. concerncomplconclus ains de D. convinces 44. A. B. C. refer D. argue

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turn down 45. A. option 46. A. dismissed 47. A. evaluate 48. A. results 49. A. for example 50. A. obvious 51. A. mystery 52. A. substituted 53. A. adapting 54. A. agreement 55. A.

engage in B. scheme B. ignored B. determine B. successes B. this is to say B. feasible B. tradition B. published B. symbolizing B. implement B.

to C. regulation C. debated C. overlook C.

achievements C. on the contrary C. private C. evidence C. reflected C. investigating C. requirement C.

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about D. random D. answered D. initiate D. attempts D. as a result D. complex D. fiction D. maintained D. revenging D. argument D.

passionreasoate nable confused

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ridiculous